The Davao Research Journal is a multidisciplinary and peer-reviewed journal that publishes research and developmental reports in various fields of study. It is the official journal of the Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU). The journal seeks contributions from other researchers, and writers from various institutions, universities, and agencies, including foreign authors, are welcome to submit their manuscripts.
DRJ is an open-access journal and the article's license is CC-BY-NC. This license allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build on the author's work, as long as they give credit to the original work. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal/publisher non-exclusive publishing rights with the work simultaneously licensed under a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
The Influence of Entrepreneurial Management on Cooperative Performance of Multipurpose Cooperatives in Davao Oriental, Philippines
This study, grounded in entrepreneurial management theory, aimed to identify which indicators of Entrepreneurial Management - Strategic Orientation, Management Structure, Growth Orientation, Entrepreneurial Culture significantly predict the performance of multipurpose cooperatives in Davao Oriental, Philippines. A survey method using a researcher-administered questionnaire gathered data from 200 respondents. The data were then analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results showed that entrepreneurial management attained an overall mean score of 4.05, indicating implementation across strategic orientation, management structure, growth orientation, and entrepreneurial culture. Cooperative performance likewise scored high (M = 4.34; SD = 0.83). Regression results revealed that all four indicators significantly predict cooperative performance (R² = 0.85, p < .05). The findings indicate that entrepreneurial management could play a crucial role in improving cooperative efficiency, organizational development, and a member-centered approach, especially by having a high level of strategic orientation and entrepreneurial culture. The findings offer practical implications for cooperative sustainability and may inform policies supporting organizational development in rural enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeni A. Nicolas, Annie L. Deriada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Richness and Abundance of Tree Species in the Bonsai Field, Mount Hamiguitan, San Isidro, Davao Oriental
The study aimed to assess the richness and abundance of tree species in the Bonsai Field, Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental. Sampling was conducted within the Bonsai Field, where ten remote-sensed sample plots were established. The presence of bonsai tree species in all plots was recorded, counted, and identified using mechanical sampling with a line plot method. Species identification employed both reference methods and the Indigenous Knowledge System, using local common names for all species. A total of 67 species were documented, of which 38 species (57%) were identified with local names and 29 species (43%) remained unidentified. Seven species showed 100% constancy, and 12 species (18%) had 90% fidelity. Eleven species (16.41%) exhibited high mean density, ranging from 1,000 to over 5,000 stems/ha, with a total mean percent cover of 62.74%. Eleven species were dominant, while 56 were rare. Among dominants, Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) had the highest mean density (5,280 stems/ha) and percent cover (15.20%), followed by Bitanghol (Calophyllum blancoi) (2,340 stems/ha, 6.88%) and Malasulasi (Leptospermum flavescens Sm.) (2,220 stems/ha, 6.39%). Distribution of bonsai trees showed a clumped pattern; the highest variance values were recorded for Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) (1,257.73) and Zysigium spp. (Syzygium P. Browne ex Gaertn) (1,138.80), while Unknown species_2 had the lowest (0.50). The Shannon Diversity Index was 3.4060, the Evenness Index 0.8101, and the Dominance Index 21.1416, indicating high species diversity. The data provide baseline information for environmental management, proper utilization of forest resources, and conservation of the Bonsai Field and Mt. Hamiguitan Range.
Copyright (c) 2007 JAN REY SARABIA HAPINAT https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Utilization as a Mediator Between Students’ Study Attitude and Mathematics Achievement
Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in education has sparked interest in its effect on student learning. This study examined AI utilization as a mediator in the relationship between students’ study attitude and mathematics achievement, involving 323 BSED Mathematics students across four campuses of Davao de Oro State College, of whom 195 were identified as AI users. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational design was employed, with data collected through stratified random sampling. An adapted questionnaire measured study attitude (17 items) and AI utilization (25 items), while mathematics grades from the first semester of the academic year 2024–2025 served as indicators of academic performance. Statistical analyses included mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and Sobel’s Test. Findings revealed that students generally demonstrated high levels of study attitude, whereas AI utilization was moderate. Mathematics achievement was classified as very satisfactory. Despite these positive indicators, the relationship between AI utilization and mathematics achievement was weak and non-significant, and mediation analysis showed no significant mediating effect of AI utilization. In conclusion, the study indicates that although students exhibited strong study attitudes and satisfactory mathematics performance, AI utilization did not significantly influence achievement or mediate the relationship between study attitude and performance. This suggests that students’ learning attitudes remain more influential than AI use, while AI tools function primarily as supplementary support. Strengthening students’ study habits and attitudes should remain a priority in enhancing learning outcomes. Further research is recommended to determine the conditions under which AI may more effectively contribute to academic performance and inform broader educational strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lysander E. Roquero, Rain Jhon U. Rollon, Gemar B. Magbutong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity and Community Composition of Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Forest Patches of Iligan City, Mindanao, Philippines
Click beetles (Family Elateridae) are among the most diverse groups within the Elateroidea superfamily of beetles. These insects are often used as indicators of ecosystem diversity, as their presence reflects environmental health. Moreover, many beetle species also depend on forests for survival, highlighting their interconnected relationship with the ecosystem. In this context, this study surveyed click beetles in various forest patches in Iligan City using Malaise traps and active collection methods. Over six months of collection, 27 individuals representing 13 morphospecies and eight subfamilies were documented. Species richness and diversity were highest in Sikyop (H′=1.67; D′=0.76; J′=0.86), followed by Tinago (H′=1.32), while the most abundant species include Melanotus sp., Cryptalaus sp., Csikia sp., and Agrypnus species. However, most identifications remain provisional due to distinct morphological traits among taxa and require molecular confirmation. These findings offer preliminary insight into species composition and local diversity, providing baseline data that is imperative for inventory, ecological studies, and future management strategies, as well as valuable information for local communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aijelyn Pancho, Eddie P. Mondejar, Olive A. Amparado, Ruben F. Amparado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Rebellion to Integration: The Phenomenological Experiences of Former Rebels now Serving as CAA in Talaingod, Davao del Norte
The paper investigates the lived experiences of the CAA force in Talaingod, Davao del Norte, who were previously members of the CPP-NPA. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, involving interviews with five purposively selected former rebels to elicit their motivations, challenges, and coping strategies during their transition from guerrilla fighters to community peacekeepers. The results show that the participants’ path to joining CAA was driven by rectifying their mistakes, protecting vulnerable IP communities, and seeking financial stability. Being a current member of the CAA has allowed them to maintain a steady income, receive livelihood assistance, and maintain access to their loved ones, which helps them rebuild their lives and regain their self-worth. Notably, they faced challenges during the transition, such as trauma, stigma, and fear of retribution from their former comrades in the armed group. The troops of the 56th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine Army, along with the acceptance of the IP community of Talaingod led by datus, have helped them adjust and return to everyday lives. Hence, the study shows that reintegration is not merely about finding a profession or sustaining oneself with financial assistance; it also requires emotional support from loved ones and community acceptance. The study proposes that the government implement programs to maintain education, job opportunities, and livelihoods for former rebels, to curb stigma and discrimination, while allowing them to revitalize their lives as they take on responsibilities as active partners of the government in promoting peace in the conflict-affected areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bismark D. Gumela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Baseline Assessment of Seagrass Abundance and Community Structure in the Coastal Waters of Barangay Poblacion as Basis for Coastal Ecosystem Management in Malay, Aklan
Seagrass communities are vital in the coastal ecosystem, providing habitat, stabilizing sediment, and contributing to fisheries productivity. However, there is no baseline information for seagrass abundance and community structure in the coastal area of Poblacion, Malay, Aklan. To answer this gap, this study assessed seagrass cover, abundance, diversity and community structure to establish baseline data for the area. Sampling was conducted from February to April 2022 during daytime and low tide using the transect-quadrat method. A 25-grid quadrat was placed along three 50 m transect lines, with 10 m intervals between each quadrat. Overall, three species were recorded to be ecologically dominant—C. rotundata, T. hemprichii, and H. uninervis. Of these, C. rotundata is the most dominant, with a total cover of 34.5%, the highest Frequency (85.3%), and the highest relative Frequency (26.9%). Meanwhile, the study site exhibits moderate and relatively balanced diversity and distribution of seagrass species, as indicated by a calculated Shannon-Wiener Diversity index (H’ = 1.52) and evenness (E = 0.78). The observed zonation pattern suggests that the area is favorable for habitat colonization. These findings provide a baseline for monitoring, protecting, conserving, and managing seagrass dynamics, as well as for sustainable biodiversity and the enrichment of Malaysia’s coastal ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josave D. Oczon, Modesto Melden B. Intoy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Conservation Challenges and Local Awareness of Rafflesia magnifica in Maragusan, Davao de Oro, Philippines
This study examines the conservation status of Rafflesia magnifica, an endangered species endemic to Maragusan, with a focus on its population, local awareness, and conservation practices. Data were collected through structured surveys and key informant interviews to assess the residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the conservation of R. magnifica in Barangays Mapawa and New Panay, which serve as key monitoring sites for the species. Population monitoring revealed a significant decline in R. magnifica. In Barangay Mapawa, the number of healthy buds dropped from 13 in 2022 to just two by May 2024. Successful blooms also decreased from five in 2022 to four in 2023, with four buds blooming in early 2024. In contrast, Barangay New Panay recorded no buds in 2023 and only one bloom bud in May 2024, highlighting a severe decline. The study also assessed local awareness of R. magnifica conservation. Knowledge was low (mean score: 1.65), while attitudes were moderate (mean score: 1.75), and practices were also low (mean score: 1.76). Despite these gaps, 93.3% of residents were aware of the species' existence, and most recognized its critically endangered status. However, 40% believed habitat protection did not affect blooming. The community expressed strong support for conservation, with over 90% backing protected area legislation and showing interest in conservation training. These findings emphasize the need for immediate education programs, community engagement, and a formal management plan to ensure the survival of R. magnifica in Maragusan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jasper T. Egpit, Jay Mark Bantayan, Ferdinand Bautista3, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica, Eleanor M. Vilela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extension Delivery Strategies, Challenges, and Best Practices of Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) in Davao Oriental, Philippines
Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) in Davao Oriental, Philippines, are vital in linking research institutions with farming communities to promote productivity and sustainable practices. Yet, they face critical challenges, limited resources, inadequate training, logistical constraints, and low farmer receptivity. This study, involving 155 of 199 AEWs, examined strategies, best practices, and systemic barriers. The findings show reliance on face-to-face interactions, technology demonstrations, and Farmers Field Schools, while digital tools remain underused due to low literacy and access. About 58% of AEWs cited mobility and logistical issues as their foremost challenge, followed by 44% mentioning funding gaps and 28% reporting farmer resistance to innovation, patterns that mirror global trends. Recommended interventions include boosting logistical and financial support, strengthening training, and improving coordination between LGUs and extension agencies. This study highlights the urgent need for context-driven, localized solutions and provides actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to empower AEWs, advance rural development, ensure food security, and help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change and economic pressures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lealyn M. Gumban, Ardniel A. Baladjay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cross-Cultural Competence and Public Service Motivation of Police Officers in Davao Oriental, Philippines
The primary objective of this paper was to determine which domain of public service motivation (PSM) best influences the cross-cultural competence of police officers. Employing a non-experimental quantitative research design with a descriptive-correlational technique, the study included 120 police officers assigned in Mati City, Davao Oriental. Purposive sampling was use for respondent selection. Statistical analyses using mean, Pearson correlation and multiple regression was applied on the data following checks for normal distribution. Results indicated that the Philippine National Police (PNP) in Mati exhibited a very high level of public service motivation, with an average weighted mean (AWM) of 4.48, and respondents reported a high level of cross-cultural competence. Furthermore, the study disclosed a positive correlation between public service motivation and the cross-cultural competence of Mati City PNP. However, when regressed independently, the compassion indicator of public service motivation emerged as a significant predictor of cross-cultural competence (p ≤ .05). Since compassion is the primary driver of cultural competence, it should be highly prioritized in training and evaluation, leveraging this innate motivational factor to strengthen operational skills. In addition, PNP officers can begin training simulations on ambiguous tolerance situations such as prayer rallies, violent rallies or benevolent suspect cases like bribery or asking favors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Felipe K. Pagluntudan Jr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Project CONAN: Enhancing Grade 8 Students’ Retention in Learning History using Contextualized Animation
The study’s primary goal is to enhance student retention in learning World History by employing Contextualized Animation as a method of instruction. Contextualized animation is a pedagogical approach that utilizes a comic-like format, incorporating pictures and narratives relevant to the lesson content. There are thirty-nine (39) respondents in the controlled group and thirty-nine (39) respondents in the experimental group. The study reveals that, before the intervention, both groups exhibited negative t-values, indicating a decrease in scores from the pre-test to the post-test. The experimental group scored slightly higher (11.97) than the control group (11.49). The results indicated that Grade 8 students had a baseline level of historical information retention, highlighting the need for effective intervention measures to enhance learning outcomes. However, after the intervention, the comparison between the pre-test and post-test scores of both the controlled and experimental groups offered valuable insights into the effectiveness of the intervention employed. The results revealed a remarkable level of significance with a p-value of .000 for both the pre-test and post-test scores of both groups, indicating a substantial and meaningful impact of the intervention. There was a shift in t-values, with the experimental group demonstrating a more pronounced improvement compared to the control group. These findings underscored the effectiveness of the intervention, Project CONAN, in enhancing historical knowledge retention among Grade 8 students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vivien Cleire C. Geverola, Syrhel B. Embudo, Judylyn B. Baya, Revrev A. Tio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Belonging Matters: Pathways from Bullying and Family Support to Reading Literacy among Filipino Adolescents
Functional illiteracy continues to constrain students’ academic and long-term opportunities in the Philippines. One factor that heightens this risk is bullying, which undermines both psychosocial well-being and academic achievement. This study used 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data to examine whether school belonging mediates the effect of bullying on reading literacy, and whether family support moderates these pathways. A moderated mediation model across ten plausible values, controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, and school risk, showed that bullying was negatively associated with reading literacy, partly through reduced belonging. The negative impact of bullying on belonging was stronger when family support was higher, but family support did not moderate the belonging–literacy link. These findings suggest that while families can buffer psychosocial harm, their role in mitigating bullying’s academic consequences is more complex and context dependent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miraluna D. Singco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Physical Condition of the Detainee Inside the Davao Oriental Provincial Jail
The condition of the detainees in detention or in jails is a huge issue for correctional facilities across the nation. This study was conducted to assess the physical condition of detainees within the provincial prison in Mati City. The study aimed to determine if there was a significant relationship between the health condition and physical security of the detainees inside the Davao Oriental Provincial Jail. A descriptive research design was employed in this study. The target respondents were 60, but only 11 respondents were given. Results showed that most respondents were aged 21 to 49 years old, and there were 11 detainees, with one of them being female. Based on ethnicity, 7 were Mandaya, 3 were Visayans, and one was Tagalog. In terms of religion, 10 of them were Roman Catholic and only one was Baptist. In education attainment, 3 detainees were elementary level, 2 were college level, and 2 detainees had no education. For their marital status, 7 detainees were single, and the remaining 4 detainees were married. In conclusion, the researcher perceives that the jail management has succeeded to come out with good health and security for the prisoners of the provincial jail.
Copyright (c) 2016 Roland I. Bayon, Nekko G. Calunsod, Nova Mae B. Lumando https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Conjoint Analysis on Students’ Choice of Mathematics Instruction
Individuals’ differences in terms of their interest, intellectual capacity, and valuing excellent teaching of mathematics contribute to the toughness in designing and developing effective strategies. This study analyzes students’ preference of mathematics instruction using conjoint analysis. It was sometimes called “trade-off analysis” which reveals on how individuals’ draw critical judgements on a certain product or service. There are 271 respondents in the survey asking them to choose different factors of mathematics instruction. The respondents ranked the four attributes as follows: instructional method, assessment type, instructional medium/media, and instructional activity. Demographic and psychographic segmentation showed that freshmen female BSEDM and sophomore female BSCE students, BSEDM who are members of SGO with an average GPA of 1.99, and non-scholar BSCE students choose all instruction profiles. Another group of students taking BSMBF and are STUFAPS scholars with average GPA of 1.95 chose instruction Profile 1 and the other group of senior and sophomore male non-scholar civil engineering students choose instruction Profile 5. Instruction profile 1 is composed of lecture-discussion, chalk/marker and board, problem solving, and learner focused while instruction Profile 5 is composed of cooperative learning, chalk/marker and board, problem solving, and learner focused. In the simulation, the profile that gained the greatest share is instruction Profile 6 which is composed of lecture-discussion, chalk/marker, solving mathematics expression, and learner-focused. Evident information found in this study conclude that students look forward for a set of instruction that would make the class interactive, challenging, and of course informative.
Copyright (c) 2016 Doris Del I. Salasinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First Evidence of Microplastic Ingestion in Commercially Consumed Marine Gastropods (Conomurex luhuanus and Canarium spp.) from Davao Gulf
This study assessed the presence of microplastics (MPs) in the tissues of commercially consumed marine gastropods from the Davao Gulf. A total of 180 individuals were examined. One MP was detected in Conomurex luhuanus (Liswe) and one in Canarium spp. (Aninikad) from Davao del Sur, while two MPs were detected in C. luhuanus from Davao Occidental. The particles were classified into three categories: fibers, films, and fragments, with sizes ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 mm. Of the four MPs identified, three were blue. Microplastic density was 0.07 particles per individual in both C. luhuanus and Canarium spp. from Davao del Sur, and 0.13 particles per individual in C. luhuanus from Davao Occidental. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP) as the predominant polymers. These findings provide preliminary evidence of microplastic contamination in marine gastropods from the Davao Gulf, highlighting potential ecological impacts and raising concerns about food safety, while also underscoring the need for improved plastic waste management and monitoring of seafood resources in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ma. Kristine D. Limosnero, Ana P. Ocenar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Yield Performance of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) Treated with Inorganic and Organic Fertilizer
This experimental study aimed to determine the yield and growth of sweet pepper under varying soil conditions and to determine the performance of the different treatments. There were four treatments, replicated three times. The treatments were as follows: treatment 1 (control), treatment 2 (inorganic fertilizer), treatment 3 (organic fertilizer), and treatment 4 (combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers). The variety of sweet pepper used was SULTAN F1, a high-yielding conical, dark green hybrid sweet pepper with a good year-round adaptation. Fruits have a long shelf life and are marketable up to 7 days after harvest. This is an early maturing variety, harvestable at 55-60 d after transplanting. It has strong pest and disease tolerance to bacterial spot and bacterial wilt. After planting, each plot received different treatments based on the study. During production, the project encountered insects that can cause damage to some of the plant fruits. To mitigate this situation, a mixture of sterilized water, malathion, and effective microorganism (EM-5) was applied at a single application, following the recommended rate of application. In addition, results showed that the plant height and fruit weight in treatment 4 (T4) performed better than other treatments. However, in terms of replication or blocking of the experiments, no significant differences was observed. This shows that a combination of inorganic and organic fertilizer is effective for the yield performance of sweet pepper.
treatment combination (organic and inorganic)
Copyright (c) 2016 Flemar Granada Pagsac, Necito A. Baldoz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preferred Qualities of Variety Store Owners Towards Sustainable Retailing
The purpose of this research is to identify the preferred qualities of variety store owners (VSO) as their guide to sustain their presence in their respective communities. This study is an experimental and descriptive correlational research. The 300 respondents were from the four urban barangays of the municipalities of Lupon and Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. Using a survey questionnaire containing 22 generated profile cards as the data collection instrument, the study revealed that educational attainment is not a prerequisite for owning a variety store. Even graduates of basic education can own a variety store, provided that they value customers' loyalty, positive behavior, expertise, a wide variety of merchandise, a competitive advantage, and effective marketing strategies in their daily operations. Furthermore, the specific qualities preferred for VSO are: honesty, attentiveness, ability to hire customer-oriented workers who understand pricing, good communication skills, understanding of product assortment, and organized goals. This study recommends that VSO must consider the values and preferences indicated to compete effectively. Additionally, the use of total utilities by local business bureaus and barangay officials for the operational assessment of VSO in their quest for effective strategies to meet the evolving needs of customers is highly recommended. Lastly, it is recommended that future researchers conduct a seminal study in different places to validate or negate the findings indicated herein and to evaluate other indicators not captured in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 John M. Bagcal, Analiza L. Alilian, Sitti Sarrah S. Abdulkarim, Charmaine B. Cadagat, Sitti Safia S. Abdulkarim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Influencing Academic Performance of Sangguniang Kabataan in District 2, Davao Oriental: A Multiple Regression Approach
Youth leadership fosters civic engagement, yet its academic implications remain understudied. This study examines how the responsibilities of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) officials in District 2, Davao Oriental influence their academic performance, focusing on behavioral factors (time management, study habits), academic support (class scheduling, lecturer-student interaction), and social support (family and peers), while comparing students’ grades before and during SK service. A total of 203 SK officials, selected through stratified random sampling from a population of 970, completed a survey measuring academic performance using an ordinal GPA scale at two time points. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlation, ordinal logistic regression, and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results indicated that time management was weakly but significantly associated with GPA (ρ = –0.16, p = .02), while among academic and social support factors, only class scheduling and academic calendars approached significance (β = 0.31, p = .06). Comparative analysis revealed a significant decline in academic performance during SK service, particularly among high-achieving students (Z = –5.56, p < .001). These findings suggest that youth civic engagement may impose academic strain when institutional support is limited. The study highlights the importance of flexible academic policies, blended learning opportunities, and structured support systems to enable student-leaders to maintain academic success while fulfilling their community responsibilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reginrex Pusta, Nikka A. Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Milkfish Profitability Through Optimized Feeding Practices and Integrated Resource Management in the Davao Region
Milkfish (Chanos chanos; Forsskål, 1775), locally known as Bangus, is one of the Philippines’ top aquaculture commodities, playing a crucial role in food security and rural livelihoods—especially in the Davao region. However, the rapid expansion of milkfish farming has exposed significant challenges in terms of feeding practices and environmental impacts. Intensive feeding using commercial feeds has led to increased feed costs (~80% of operational expenses) and negative impacts on water quality, while overreliance on conventional fishmeal raises concerns about both economic viability and environmental impacts. Our recent research highlights promising alternative protein sources (e.g., poultry by-products, soybean meal, insect meal, and seaweed) that may replace traditional fishmeal, thereby reducing production costs and mitigating environmental impacts. This policy brief reviews current operational practices, evaluates the challenges and opportunities associated with feed management, and underscores the potential of integrating indigenous knowledge systems from local communities to promote sustainable practices. Recommendations include increased support for research and development, subsidies and technical assistance for adopting alternative feed formulations, enhanced regulatory oversight, and stronger stakeholder collaboration. Such integrated policy measures are essential to ensure the continued growth and sustainability of milkfish aquaculture while protecting the coastal marine environment and community well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edison D. Macusi, Henzel P. Bongas, Erna S. Macusi, Anthony C. Sales, Michael B. Andam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study Habits of Criminology Students and their Academic Performance in Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology
This research aims to investigate and examine the study habits of criminology students at Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST), as well as their implications for academic performance. Conversely, this research determines the demographic profiles of criminology students in terms of gender, year level, and General Percentage Average (GPA). Additionally, it examined the study habits of criminology students at Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST) in terms of studying in a conducive environment, study sessions, self-testing, advanced reading of materials, and rehearsal of learned materials. Moreover, males have a greater percentage than females. Out of the 295 respondents gathered for this research, 185 (63%) are males, and 110 (37%) are females. The 3rd-year student in criminology had the highest GPA compared to the other year levels. On the other hand, female criminology students have greater GPAs than males. Furthermore, the average GPA of criminology students was 2.54, which denotes satisfactory. The average study habits of the criminology students were moderate. There was a significant relationship between study habits and academic performance (P=0.00). Additionally, study habits were moderately correlated to academic performance, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.52.
Copyright (c) 2016 Princess Lyn M. Cabansay, Rodilyn S. Ibarra, Evelyn Joy C. Tordil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Empowering Indigenous Youth Through Education: The Role of TIPSFI in Countering CPP-NPA Recruitment in Talaingod, Davao del Norte
This study examines the effectiveness of the TATAG IP Students Foundation Incorporated (TIPSFI), a community-based initiative established by the 56th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine Army to counter CPP-NPA recruitment of Indigenous youth in Talaingod, Davao del Norte. For years, the absence of public education enabled left-leaning groups to establish Salugpungan Schools, which became recruitment hubs for insurgents. Launched in 2022, TIPSFI supports former Salugpungan students through scholarships, livelihood assistance, and leadership programs, aiming to develop productive, pro-government citizens. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study involved 127 purposively selected respondents: 28 TIPSFI scholars and 99 tribal datus. Data were gathered through a validated bilingual questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and non-parametric tests in SPSS. Findings reveal that TIPSFI was highly effective in protecting youth from recruitment and strengthening ideological resilience, with an overall average weighted mean (AWM) of 4.30, rated “Very High.” Its most notable impacts were in preventing CPP-NPA recruitment and radicalization while expanding access to formal education. Challenges encountered by scholars were minimal (overall AWM = 1.53), though limited access to digital learning tools was noted. Statistical results showed significant correlations between perceived effectiveness and respondents’ role and educational attainment, with tribal leaders and direct beneficiaries giving higher ratings. Age also influenced perceptions of challenge seriousness, with younger and older scholars reporting greater difficulties. Overall, the study affirms that TIPSFI provides an inclusive model for countering insurgency through education, cultural integration, and community engagement, offering insights for sustaining peace in conflict-affected areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bismark D. Gumela, Osmalik D. Tayaban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Awareness of DOrSU Cateel Campus Criminology Students on the Implementation of RA 11131
This article examines the level of awareness of Republic Act No. 11131 also known as the Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018, specifically Articles III and IV, among criminology students at Davao Oriental State University – Cateel Campus, focusing on provisions related to licensure, regulation, and professional practice. A quantitative descriptive research design was used, with a random sampling approach, and 262 respondents participated. A researcher-made questionnaire was administered, with its validity and reliability ensured through pilot testing. The majority of respondents were between 17 and 21 years old, with more females than males, and most were in their third and fourth years. The overall level of awareness of RA 11131 was very high with a mean score of 4.21, particularly in areas such as Licensure Examination Requirements, Certification and Professional Identification, Authorized Practice of Criminology, and Professional Responsibilities and Obligations. Awareness of Penalties and Legal Implications was also high with a means score of 4.09. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in awareness based on age and sex, indicating equal exposure across these demographics. However, significant differences were found based on year level in the areas of Certification and Professional Identification, Penalties and Legal Implications, and Overall Awareness. Upper-year students exhibited greater awareness, suggesting that legal knowledge increases as students advance. This highlights the need for earlier integration of certification and penalties into the curriculum to ensure consistent awareness across all year levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jomar C. Reyes, Junil M. Silorio, Mike Kinley T. Lazaga, Mary Grace B. Masangay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF) Characteristics and Governance Challenges in Lagos State, Nigeria
Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are crucial to the local economy, providing food, income, and employment. However, they face challenges such as inadequate government support, limited fisher involvement in decision-making, and poor conflict resolution mechanisms, which hinder their sustainability and governance. The study examined SSF characteristics and governance challenges in Lagos State, and provide recommendations. The study is significant to inform policymakers and stakeholders on critical areas needing improvement to ensure the sustainability and productivity of small-scale fisheries in Lagos State. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Six fishing communities in Lagos State were sampled (Ibeshe, Moba, Eti Olokun, Ituagan, Ebute Alase, and Yovoyan) with 150 fishers in total randomly sampled in each fishing community. The data were collected through surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions with fishers, community leaders, and government representatives. A total of six FGDs were conducted, one in each of the study communities, with between 6 and 10 participants per session. The approach enabled analysis of both socioeconomic features and governance structures influencing fisheries sustainability. Findings showed uneven income distribution, strong dependence on traditional fishing rites, and fragmented governance frameworks. Limited extension services, scarce access to credit, and weak fisher participation in policy processes were consistent across communities. The study recommends improving credit access, strengthening cooperatives, providing modern gear and training, and creating inclusive governance platforms that integrate both state and community institutions. Strengthening these areas is critical to enhancing the sustainability and resilience of small-scale fisheries in Lagos State.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Latunji Akintola, Akinkunmi Sunday Ojo, Rosheedah Ademide Adeniji, Olubukola Omodele Sogbesan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of the Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Leaf Extracts Against Escherichia coli
This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the different leaf parts of Aloe barbadensis, specifically aloe vera leaf peel, aloe vera leaf gel, and whole leaf, as well as their medicinal properties. Ethanol was the solvent used in extracting the bioactive compounds present in each leaf part. Each leaf part had an ethanolic concentration of 100%. The disc diffusion assay was employed to determine the antibacterial activity of Aloe barbadensis. The appearance of zones of inhibition measured the antibacterial effect. Ampicillin served as the positive control, while distilled water served as the negative control. Antimicrobial tests showed that among the three leaf parts, the aloe vera leaf gel was the only extract that inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli with a mean zone of inhibition of 8.56 mm. The results suggest that aloe vera gel contains certain bioactive compounds that can suppress the growth of Escherichia coli.
Copyright (c) 2016 Chella May R.Sison, Marites S. Erespe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vices Engaged by Criminology Students of Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology
The purpose of this study was to determine the vices engaged by criminology students in Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology. Using a quantitative research design, the study employed survey answers of the respondents, which serve as findings of the study. The findings revealed that the vices engaged by the criminology students were computer games, smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, and gambling. Regarding the results, the respondent was in the early stage of adolescence, ranging from 17 to 24 years old, with 186 males and 114 females. More than half of the respondents were influenced by peers, causing them to engage in vices. The findings of this study could be useful in enhancing knowledge of about the vices engaged in by criminology students at Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology.
Copyright (c) 2016 Leah Jane M. Maglintang , Mariz P. Vosotros, Kimly C. Barcena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Abstraction of the Indigenous Weaving
This study aims to understand the local knowledge of Dagmay fabric weaves. This Dagmay weave is a traditional artwork of the Mandaya people, who reside in the southern part of the Philippines. This artwork is an indigenous expression of their system, belief in gods, nature, and relationship to humans. These are three designs of Dagmay weaves. These handmade designs are woven by three Mandayan women who have been creating this artwork for many years. Each design of Dagmay weaves has a natural pattern of regularity, and this pattern is embedded in each Dagmay, represented through an abstract representation using the RGB pixel coding. This RGB coding is a mathematical representation whose entries are numbers and colors (RGB) that define the exact features of Dagmay. There are four functions: imshow, impixelinfo, imdisplayrange, and impixelregion, used to generate the electronic version of Dagmay. These functions are coded in MATLAB.
Copyright (c) 2016 Shena May L. Wagas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Energy Through the Enerceptual Toolkit: A Participatory Action Research in Secondary Science Education
Understanding potential and kinetic energy is essential for students’ grasp of physics and energy transformation, yet secondary-level instruction often struggles to convey these concepts effectively. This participatory action research (PAR) investigated the effectiveness of the Enerceptual Toolkit, a multimodal, constructivist-based intervention designed to improve conceptual understanding and engagement among Grade 8 students in a Philippine public high school. The Toolkit integrated lecture demonstrations, animations, digital simulations, game-based learning, and structured problem-solving activities, all delivered through the 7Es lesson plan model. Conducted over two PAR cycles involving 10 students, the study employed pre- and post-tests, classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews. Baseline data showed that no participant reached the 75% proficiency threshold in the pre-test. After the intervention, all learners exceeded this benchmark, with the class proficiency level (CPL) improving from “Beginning” in Cycle 1 to “Advanced” in Cycle 2. Observational data revealed increased engagement, confidence, and self-efficacy, along with a decline in off-task behavior. Thematic analysis of student interviews highlighted positive shifts in motivation, participation, and perceived relevance of energy concepts. These findings suggest that the Enerceptual Toolkit, grounded in active learning and conceptual scaffolding, is a promising strategy for enhancing energy instruction in junior high school science. The study highlights the potential of multimodal, student-centered approaches to address conceptual gaps and promote deeper learning. Implications for curriculum integration and teacher professional development are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paulo C. Tumamak, Jennifer M. Sevillano, Dan Rupert P. Lazona, Julie Anne J. Dejaño, Anton G. Argallon, Joy A. Bellen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dialectal Semantic Comparison between Davao and Cebu Varieties of Binisaya: Toward a Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
This study investigates semantic comparison between Davao and Cebu varieties of Binisaya focusing on the potential L1-L2 interference. There were 25 synonymous words from both varieties designed for a classroom writing task. Findings revealed that 68% of the lexical items exhibit semantic alignment, leading to the assumption of cross-dialectical intelligibility due to shared Austronesian roots. However, 32% of entries demonstrate semantic mismatches, which reflected Lado’s Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, that linguistic differences between native and target language pose learning challenges. These mismatches are not arbitrary but culturally and regionally situated. The study concludes that semantic variation within the two varieties can lead to misinterpretation and communicative friction if not addressed pedagogically. By applying this contrastive approach, educators can better diagnose learner difficulties and design culturally responsive instruction that accounts regional vocabulary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jovanie B. Garay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microalgae-enriched Artemia salina enhances growth performance and nutritional value in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae compared to unenriched Artemia
Sole Artemia is an incomplete diet for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae due to insufficient essential nutrients. Microalgae is a potential Artemia enrichment diet whose cultivation is limited by the high cost of culturing media. The study evaluated the growth performance and nutritional value of C. gariepinus larvae fed newly hatched Artemia salina nauplii. The C. gariepinus larvae in the control group were fed unenriched Artemia nauplii, while the treatment group received Artemia nauplii enriched with the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The C. vulgaris was batch-cultured using banana stem compost extract (BSCE) as the least-cost medium, and the Artemia cysts were hatched according to standard protocols. The C. gariepinus larvae were hatched and stocked at a density of 10 larvae/L with three replicates per treatment and fed four times a day for 15 days. Enriched Artemia had higher protein and carbohydrate content than unenriched Artemia (p < 0.05), while the dry matter, lipid, fiber, and ash content were the same in both diets (p > 0.05). The protein and lipid content, as well as all growth parameters, were significantly higher in C. gariepinus larvae fed enriched Artemia than in unenriched Artemia (p < 0.05). The results indicate that Artemia enriched with C. vulgaris cultured using BSCE medium is a suitable diet for enhancing the growth and survival of C. gariepinus larvae. This information is crucial for the successful production of C. gariepinus fish seeds with the ultimate goal of meeting the species' ever-increasing demands.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kulwa Mtaki, Angelina Michael, Margareth S. Kyewalyang, Matern S. P. Mtolera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Is a geographically isolated community prepared—or left behind—in disaster risk communication?
Geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDAs) such as Barangay Mabuhay in Carmen, Davao del Norte, face greater disaster risks because of their remoteness, lack of infrastructure, and limited economic resources. Through a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach, this study examines the main challenges in disaster risk communication and identifies targeted interventions that can help address them. The results point to several barriers, including limited technical knowledge, poor access to localized risk information, weak communication systems, and language or cultural gaps, which lead to delayed responses and heightened vulnerability among residents. To address these issues, this policy brief advocates for the adoption of a Community-Based Risk Communication and Early Warning Enhancement Program that promotes inclusive, localized, and culturally sensitive strategies that translate Priorities 1 and 4 of the Sendai Framework into actionable and community-based interventions. It places priority on building the skills of barangay leaders, focal persons, and residents, promoting the use of visual and participatory tools, and investing in technologies that people can access. In the end, the goal is to strengthen a community-based approach to disaster preparedness, ensuring that no one is left behind.
Copyright (c) 2025 Boyeth C. Pelone, Frincess Jade C. Cajano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extent of Factors Contributing to Child Labor in Mati City, Philippines
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which factors contribute to child labor in Mati City, Davao Oriental. Using a quantitative research design, the researcher employed a descriptive method with 110 children and youth as respondents. This study utilized statistical tools, including percentages, frequency counts, means, and ANOVA, to analyze the data. The findings revealed that children and youth used for child labor in Mati City were mainly male. Moreover, most of the children and youth used for child labor were not attending school and did not receive any formal education. They lived under the total custody of their parents, who had a large family (4 to 12 children) and earned a modest income (P5,000.00 to P7,000.00) per month, and were predominantly Roman Catholic. It was found that factors contributing to child labor include low income, lack of education, cultural issues, and unemployment. The data gathered revealed that there was no significant difference in the extent of contribution to child labor among the said factors when analyzed by gender, age, educational level, educational background, and household income. There was a significant difference in the factor of employment when analyzed by household size and guardian, and education when analyzed by gender, age, educational background, and educational level. The most significant factor contributing to child labor was income. The researchers recommend conducting similar studies that involve a bigger sample size of randomly selected children and youth to determine other possible associated factors with child labor in Davao Oriental.
Copyright (c) 2016 Sarah Jean M. Danda, Warren A. Bacala , Sheryl J. Bantayan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0