The Davao Research Journal is a multidisciplinary and peer-reviewed journal that publishes research and developmental reports in various fields of study. It is the official journal of the Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU). The journal seeks contributions from other researchers, and writers from various institutions, universities, and agencies, including foreign authors, are welcome to submit their manuscripts.
DRJ is an open-access journal and the article's license is CC-BY-NC. This license allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build on the author's work, as long as they give credit to the original work. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal/publisher non-exclusive publishing rights with the work simultaneously licensed under a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Enhancing Food Diversification to Address Food Security among Fishermen in Davao Region, Philippines
Coastal fisheries are vital to the country’s economy and provide a livelihood for many households in the Philippines. The fishing sector is a vulnerable group and heavily reliant on fishing for its livelihood. However, the country faced environmental constraints and societal challenges. To feed the growing population, food security must be ensured and nutrition knowledge improved across the fisheries sector and the country. This study aimed to assess the food security status of local fisherfolk in the Davao region, describe the common food groups consumed by the fisherfolk, calculate the fisherfolk's food consumption score, and expand food assistance to fisherfolk with a low food consumption score. To achieve this, random sampling was employed using a semi-structured interview questionnaire. The Food Consumption Assessment Tool of WFP-FAO was used to analyze fishers' calorie intake across selected coastal cities and municipalities in the Davao region. The results revealed that coastal households across all municipalities have excellent consumption of cereals, meat, and milk, suggesting frequent intake of a nutrient-dense diet. However, consumption of fruits, spices, and oils falls within the poor consumption range, indicating limited use and rare consumption of these food groups. Results show that a food policy is necessary to address food insecurity among coastal households. Food insecurity will likely decrease by promoting local goods, such as backyard-grown fresh produce or container gardening for direct consumption. Furthermore, to address these problems and improve the food security of fishing communities in the Davao Gulf, coordinated strategies that support sustainable fisheries, diversify revenue streams, and provide access to foods high in micronutrients are needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arianne Kay O. Liguez, John Edward M. Jimenez, Michael Jeriel I. Bersaldo, Erna S. Macusi, Edison D. Macusi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Awareness and Perceptions on Reproductive Health Law Among Tausug in Magsaysay, Mati City, Davao Oriental
Awareness and perceptions on Reproductive Health Law among Tausug in Magsaysay, Mati City, Davao Oriental were the main focus of this study. This used a qualitative, descriptive research design. Ethnographic methodology was also utilized in the study. The respondents were identified through snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling. A one-on-one interview and thematic analysis were used to collect and analyze the data. There were N=50 respondents identified. The respondents were 15-60 years old for males and 15-40 years old for females, either married or unmarried. As a result of the study, it was found that only 48% of Tausug who were aware of the Reproductive Health Law were male. According to the study, television was the most common source of their information. Their knowledge of the RH Law was limited to Family Planning and Contraceptives. Religion played a significant role in the acceptance of the RH Law. There were only 28% who were aware and willing to accept and follow the RH Law. The reason those 20% who did not accept and follow the RH Law cited was that it was against their religion; thus, there was a lack of awareness and misconceptions among the respondents.
Copyright (c) 2014 Abdullah M. Barabag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gender Mapping of Abaca Farmers in Baganga, Davao Oriental, Philippines
This study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profiles of respondents, determine the participation of husband, wife and children in abaca production activities and determine the working conditions of wives and children relative to abaca production. The study was conducted in Barangay Campawan and Barangay Mikit, Baganga, Davao Oriental. Using a descriptive method of research, a rapid research design was employed wherein demographic and economic characteristic of all respondents in the two barangays were gathered. Analysis of data was also applied the frequency distribution and percentages. Results of the study showed that majority of respondents were males and between 34-41 years old. Most of them attained only elementary education and were married, professed Roman Catholic and spoke Mandaya. Majority owned 3- 4 hectares and only 1-2 hectares were planted with abaca. In terms of income, Abaca dominated among the crop production in the farm area. In Abaca production activities, husband had the most contribution from planting to marketing. Wives and children also assisted in the abaca production. The farm area was very far from the house of respondents. Most of the respondents went to the farm area from 4 am to 8 am and returned around 5 pm. The abaca farmers worked more than 8 hours a day. Husbands did not allow their wives to go to the farm area if not feeling well. Children stayed home to do household chores if their parents were working in the farm area.
Copyright (c) 2018 Jecel M. Dolosa, Lilibeth S. Galvez, PhD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lea Angsinco-Jimenez, Ph.D.: A Pioneer in Marine Science—Legacy and Impact
Dr. Lea Angsinco-Jimenez, a distinguished Filipino marine scientist, educator, and research administrator whose career spans more than four decades of service to marine science, coastal resource management, and higher education in the Philippines. She currently serves as Professor VI and Vice President for Research, Innovation, and Extension at Davao Oriental State University, where she has significantly contributed to advancing marine and coastal studies in the Davao Region. Her early exposure to the coastal ecosystems of Mati, Davao Oriental fostered a deep and enduring commitment to marine conservation. Dr. Jimenez began her professional career in aquaculture and fisheries research, working with the Southern Philippines Development Authority and the Mindanao State University–Institute of Fisheries Research and Development. These experiences strengthened her expertise in marine ecology, coral reef assessment, and field-based research. She later transitioned to academia, where she advanced through the ranks while pursuing higher education, earning a Master of Science in Marine Ecology from Vrije Universiteit Brussel and a Ph.D. in Higher Education. Her research covers coastal ecosystem management, mangrove rehabilitation, marine pollution, artificial reef development, and biodiversity conservation. She has led and collaborated on numerous projects funded by national and international agencies. As a research leader, she strengthened institutional programs and fostered partnerships with global organizations. A co-inventor of the patented Speedy Sea Scanner, she exemplifies innovation in marine monitoring. Widely recognized for her mentorship and community engagement, Dr. Jimenez’s legacy is defined by her contributions to science, institutional development, and environmental sustainability. Continuing influence beyond formal roles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivy M. Nallos, John Edward M. Jimenez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strengthening Resilience among Small-Scale Fishers in Coastal Communities in Davao Region
Small-scale fisheries are vital to food security and livelihoods in coastal communities, yet fishing households face multiple environmental, institutional, and livelihood-related risks. This study analyzes vulnerability levels and resilience capacities of fishers across selected municipalities in the Davao Gulf. Fieldwork interviews were conducted using indicators that measure the vulnerability and resilience of coastal communities. Vulnerability was low in Samal (0.15), Sta. Cruz (0), Carmen (0.1) & St. Maria (0.33). This indicates that they are not directly affected by climate hazards and other stressors, whereas other municipalities experienced moderate vulnerability. Resilience is low in Mabini (0), Pantukan (0.5), and Samal (0.15) due to age and health issues and the lack of alternative livelihoods, which require intervention from the government and other concerned agencies. Governor Generoso (0.73) and Sta. Maria (1.01) is a municipality with the highest level of resilience. It emphasizes that livelihood diversification, adaptive capacity and effective enforcement are present in the area. In contrast, others show moderate resilience. The findings highlight the need for integrated policies that address environmental management, institutional support, livelihood diversification, and nutrition to strengthen the resilience of coastal fishing communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 John Edward M. Jimenez, Arianne Kay O. Liguez, Michael Jeriel I. Bersaldo, Erna S. Macusi, Edison D. Macusi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceptions, Causes, and Socioeconomic Effects of Drowning in Artisanal Fishing Communities
Drowning is an under-recognized occupational hazard in Ghana's marine and inland fishing communities. This study examined the perceptions, causes, and effects of drowning in these sectors through a cross-sectional survey of 151 respondents, utilizing structured questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and One-Way ANOVA. The results indicated that perceptions and causes of drowning were significantly higher in inland fisheries (MSP = 3.2 ± 0.2; MSC = 4.1 ± 0.1) compared to marine fisheries (MSP = 2.7 ± 0.1; MSC = 3.6 ± 0.2) (Mann-Whitney U-test, p < 0.05). In the marine fisheries, the primary causes of drowning were poor swimming decisions (MSC = 3.49), overloaded boats (MSC = 3.73), and extreme weather conditions (MSC = 3.15). Conversely, in inland fisheries, the significant causes were poor swimming decisions (MS = 4.58), overloaded boats (MSC = 4.56), poor knowledge of wave patterns (MSC = 4.31), submerged tree stumps (MSC = 4.15), and extreme weather conditions (MSC = 4.08). Regarding the effects of drowning, the main effects of drowning from both inland and marine fisheries were death (MSinland = 4.63 and MSmarine = 4.08) and financial stress (MSinland = 4.31 and MSmarine = 3.51). Based on these findings, it is recommended that fisheries-specific strategies, including awareness programs and infrastructure development, such as tree stump removal, be urgently implemented to reduce drowning incidents in Ghanaian fishing communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samuel K.K. Amponsah, Gibert Baah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contours of Conviction: Quantifying Identity Stability among Muslim Youth in Response to Contemporary Islamic Thought
This study examined the stability of religious identity among Muslim youth in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, and its relationship with exposure to contemporary Islamic thought. Religious identity stability, encompassing belief, practice, and affiliation, was analyzed in the context of increasing exposure to contemporary Islamic interpretations and digital religious discourse. Employing a descriptive–correlational design, the study surveyed 220 Muslim youth aged 18 to 30 years using a structured, expert-validated questionnaire measuring religious identity stability and exposure to contemporary Islamic thought. Descriptive statistics revealed high levels of stability across belief (M = 4.09), practice (M = 3.91), and affiliation (M = 4.14), suggesting that religiosity among Muslim youth in Palimbang remains both firm and adaptive. Respondents reported openness to contemporary interpretive perspectives (M = 3.87) and perceived that contemporary Islamic thought strengthened their understanding of Islam (M = 4.20). A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.483, p < .001) was found between exposure to contemporary Islamic thought and religious identity stability, indicating that engagement with contemporary Islamic discourse, particularly through digital scholarship and contemporary Islamic learning platforms, reinforces faith commitment. These findings highlight that Muslim youth exhibit adaptive stability, maintaining coherence of belief and practice while integrating reflective engagement with contemporary Islamic scholarship. This suggests that exposure to contemporary Islamic interpretations and digital Islamic discourse fosters cognitive maturity, critical reasoning, and faith resilience. The study contributes to understanding how contemporary Islamic engagement sustains religious identity within rural Muslim communities, offering implications for religious education and youth development initiatives in the Philippine context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abusailan P. Akmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Estimating the Health Production Function: A National-Level Study of Bangladesh
Health is a fundamental human right and a crucial determinant of human capital formation, exerting a significant influence on economic growth and development. This study empirically examines the health production function at the national level in Bangladesh, using 50 years (1975-2024) of secondary data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank. A multiple regression model is applied to identify the critical determinants of health status, with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation. Since this study uses time-series data, it applies diagnostic tests for stationarity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation before estimating the OLS model. The results reveal that literacy rate, employment rate, access to safe drinking water, availability of physicians, and per capita health expenditure are positively associated with life expectancy at birth, a measure of the health status of people at the national level. Conversely, the poverty headcount ratio demonstrates a negative relation with life expectancy. The findings highlight the importance of adopting a comprehensive policy framework to improve public health outcomes. Providing quality education, integrating health awareness campaigns, and implementing targeted healthcare subsidies are crucial steps toward improving the national health status. Given the relationship between health status and economic progress, a strategic focus on inclusive healthcare policies and equitable resource allocation is imperative for fostering sustainable development in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Shamsul Alam, Md Elias Hossain, Md Asduzzaman Kiron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gendered Division of Labor in Traditional Upland Rice Farming Systems in the Selected Municipalities of the Third Congressional District of Iloilo
The traditional upland rice cultivation system in the Philippines demonstrates an equilibrium among cultural traditions, ecological adaptation, and gendered divisions of labour. The study was conducted in the five municipalities of the Third District of Iloilo, where TURVs are farmed, preserved, and connected to their culture. Using a structured criteria and guidelines, on-farm interviews and community consultations, and triangulations were employed from (n = 1,935) respondents. A colour-coded matrix was integrated (men’s activities presented in blue cells, women’s activities in yellow cells, the joint-task-sharing indicates green cells, and violet cells – not applicable activities). Findings indicated distinct gender-related clusters of labor specialization. Land tillage, fertilization, and pest control remain significantly more male-dominated because they are physical and technically demanding. By contrast, seed system management, sowing or planting, weeding, harvesting, and postharvesting are shared primarily by both genders. Women are active participants in seed selection, storage, processing, and, in some instances, sales and marketing: They actively participate in actions which contribute to household food security and cultural persistence. Evidence of inadequate or informal marketing of upland rice has been drawn from this research and indicates that TURVs depend on subsistence and serve to constitute community life. Gender inclusivity needs to be emphasized and integrated into agricultural research, development planning, and improvement plans. Equitable participation not only reinforces household resistance but also maintains indigenous means of knowledge systems and culturally appropriate interventions suitable to the daily life situations of upland farmer families.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edreson G. Torteo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physical Activity Barriers and Holistic Wellness among Teacher Education Students
This study aimed to determine the significant relationship between physical activity barriers and holistic wellness among teacher education students. Using quantitative research design, the study employed descriptive-correlational method with 180 teacher education students as respondents. There was significant relationship between physical activity barriers and holistic wellness among teacher education students. The results revealed that among teacher education students, the mean scores for physical activity barriers were: lack of willpower (3.43), lack of time (3.30), lack of resources (3.08), fear of injury (2.79), and lack of skills and social influence (both 2.76). These results yielded an overall mean of 3.09, indicating a moderate level of perceived barriers; notably, the only barrier to reach a "high" mean was lack of energy (3.54). Regarding holistic wellness, students achieved high mean scores in physical and environmental health (3.74), mental and emotional health (3.95), and spiritual and social health (4.18). The overall result of the two variables got computed on Pearson R-value of 267 that generated a p-value of .000, which means that based on the 0.05 level of significance, the probability yield was less than the alpha value (p<.05) means there is a significant relationship between physical activity barriers and holistic wellness among teacher education students.
Copyright (c) 2015 Odesyl M. Caparos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Levels of Awareness, Importance and Willingness to Engage in Agri-Tourism: In the case of Farm Owners and some Sectors in the Municipality of Manay
This study was conducted to measure the levels of awareness, importance and willingness of the respondents to engage in agri-tourism in the municipality of Manay, Davao Oriental. Respondents of this study were 13 including farmers, representatives from the selected sectors in the community policy maker, government, transport sector, student and professional. The farmers were identified as Gawad-saka awardees located in four barangays namely, San Ignacio, Holy cross, Cayawan and Tubigan. Semi-structured interview questionnaires were used to collect data, analyzed, interpreted and computed through frequency counts and percentages. Most of the respondents being interviewed were males; under the age bracket raging 51-60 years old, 40-50 years old and 61-70 years old. About 92% of the marital status of respondents were married and the remaining 8% were single. Most of the respondents were Mandaya and majority of their religion were Catholic. In terms of the primary source of income of the respondents, most of them rely on farming and 46% of the respondent finished their tertiary level. Farmers were highly aware of what is agri-tourism. Some sectors in the community were also highly aware on what is agri-tourism, its definition, terms related to agri-tourism and some activities to enjoy in. Farmers perceived that agri-tourism was very important as well as some sectors in which the result shows the general importance was very high. Farmers were very willing to engage in agri-tourism as well as some sectors recognized agri-tourism as income generating and would greatly help the economic status of the farms.
Copyright (c) 2015 Christine Mae G. Cabanos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing the Implementation and Outcomes of the Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Empowerment Program of the 56th Infantry (TATAG) Battalion, 7th Infantry (KAUGNAY) Division, Philippine Army
This paper assessed the initiative programs developed within the 56th Infantry Battalion, aligned with the NCO Empowerment Program of the Headquarters, Philippine Army, and their effects on leadership confidence, professional initiative, and unit performance among NCOs. A multi-method design was utilized, employing a descriptive-comparative quantitative framework to determine significant differences across profiles, complemented by a descriptive-exploratory qualitative analysis. A total of 303 personnel from 56IB, 7ID, PA participated in the study. Quantitative data were examined using frequency, percentage, average weighted mean, T-test, and ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed by Braun and Clarke’s Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results revealed that the level of implementation was rated as “Very High” (AWM = 4.68), while the extent of outcomes was perceived at a “Very High Extent” (AWM = 4.61). A significant difference in perceived outcomes was identified regarding rank (p = 0.008), specifically showing that Junior NCOs (Corporal to Sergeant) benefited most by gaining leadership confidence and professional initiative. While mentorship and recognition bolstered morale, challenges such as hesitation due to traditional command norms and personal welfare issues were identified. Overall, the program significantly enhances leadership development, professional initiative, and unit performance, but requires sustained mentoring and structured leadership training to address organizational barriers. These findings suggest that empowering NCOs at the tactical level strengthens coordination and decision-making, contributing to the broader professionalization of the Philippine Army.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali B. Sumangil, Bismark D. Gumela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Elevation-Driven Shifts in Species Diversity, Endemicity, and Vegetation Structure across the Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Davao Oriental, Philippines
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (MHRWS) in Davao Oriental, Philippines, is among the country’s most ecologically diverse and geologically unique mountain ecosystems. Rising to 1,620 m above sea level and covering 6,834 ha, it is part of the Eastern Mindanao Biodiversity Corridor. Declared a national park in 2003 and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014, Mt. Hamiguitan supports numerous endemic and threatened species through collaborative stewardship by national agencies, local governments, and indigenous communities. This study analyzed vegetation profiles and land cover types along Mt. Hamiguitan’s elevational gradient to clarify biodiversity patterns and ecological zonation. Sixteen vegetation quadrats were systematically established at 100-m intervals from 140-1,620 m above sea level. Species composition, forest type, and mean diameter at breast height (DBH) were recorded and integrated with satellite-derived land cover data and GIS analysis to evaluate habitat distribution and human influence. Five major forest formations were identified: agroecosystem (75–420 m), dipterocarp forest (420–920 m), montane forest (920–1,160 m), mossy forest (1,160–1,350 m), and mossy-pygmy forest (1,160–1,620 m). Elevation strongly influenced shifts in species diversity, endemicity, and vegetation structure. Lower elevations were dominated by agriculturally influenced species such as Ficus indica and Chrysophyllum cainito, while higher zones supported stunted, endemic taxa including Leptospermum flavescens and Tristaniopsis micrantha, adapted to ultramafic soils and cooler, wind-exposed environments. The study underscores Mt. Hamiguitan’s role as a vertically stratified refuge for endemic biodiversity and highlights the need to protect high-altitude forests, restore buffer zones, and monitor climate-driven species shifts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramil L. Ramos, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica, Emily S. Antonio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microbial Assessment of Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology's (DOSCST) Water System Mati, Davao Oriental: A Basis for Management Intervention
This study dealt with the microbial assessment of the water system of Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST). It determined the Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms, identifying the genera of coliforms, water consumption, and health-related information among the students, faculty, staff, and management intervention to water supply. The study was conducted in the DOSCST's main campus. Collection of water samples was done on December 2006 and January 2007 Results disclosed that the Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms in the water sample ranged from 9, 11, 13, and 16. Thermotolerant bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia were the four (4) genera of coliforms found in the water samples. Thus, water proved to be not suitable for drinking. Evidently, the students (50.70%), faculty (49.98%), and staff (43.33%) consumed the water supply of the college for drinking, washing, cooking, bathing, and watering of plants. The frequency of usage was seldom for students, frequent for the faculty, and most frequent for the staff. Of all the respondents, students (0.3%) and faculty (0.7%) had experienced water-related health problems such as stomach aches and skin rashes. Students had experienced water-related health problems most frequently, while the faculty had experienced them always. On the other hand, the staff had never experienced any water-related health problems.
Copyright (c) 2007 Jennie C. Besas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advantages of Restricted Caregiving on Work Behaviors of Digitally Fixated Children Ages 2–5 in Cavite
The study investigated the effects of caregiving approaches on the work behaviors of digitally fixated children aged 2 to 5 years in Cavite, Philippines. It examined how restricted, unrestricted, and supervised caregiving approaches influence a child’s attention, concentration, frustration tolerance, and impulse control. A descriptive correlational quantitative design was used, involving 75 caregiver–child dyads selected through purposive and convenience sampling. The study introduced a caregiver approach classification tool developed and validated for the Philippine context, which caregivers completed along with adapted instruments to rate their children’s work behaviors. Descriptive statistics showed that the restricted caregiving approach was most prevalent, followed by supervised and unrestricted, while caregiver reports indicated average work behavior quality. Spearman’s rank-order correlation indicated a very weak, positive, and non-significant association between caregiving approaches and work behaviors. In contrast, the Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed significant differences in work behaviors across caregiving approaches, with Dunn’s post hoc analysis confirming higher work behavior levels among children in restricted caregiving than in supervised or unrestricted caregiving. These findings suggest that a restricted caregiving approach may better support work behaviors among digitally fixated young children by providing consistent structure and clear limits during task engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kyla Marie B. Lucas, Pauline L. Hernandez, Jennifer Rose R. Ablang, Michael Balabat, Andrea Gelyn C. Cascante, Andrei Miguel P. Crucillo, Vince Cedrick B. Macuñat, Keana Andria M. Sarmiento, Sophia Laureanna M. Sebastian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance of TALABLOCKS: Cement Hollow Block with Ostreidei Shell additive
This study investigates the potential use of oyster shells (Ostreidae) as an additive in the production of hollow blocks to enhance their mechanical and physical properties. Specifically, it assessed the effects of oyster shell incorporation on compressive strength and water absorption performance. An experimental–descriptive research design was employed to establish cause-and-effect relationships while providing a detailed characterization of the material's behavior. The experiment was conducted at ParksHub Hollow Blocks, Purok Dita, Bobon, Mati City, Davao Oriental, and laboratory evaluation was performed at Triple M Material Testing Center, Tagum City. Observations and measurements were systematically recorded using a logbook, and data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the performance of “Talablocks” (oyster shell–enhanced blocks) with commercial hollow blocks. Results revealed a significant increase in compressive strength for Talablocks compared with conventional hollow blocks, indicating the potential of oyster shell powder to enhance load-bearing capacity. Visual observations during and after compressive strength testing showed no noticeable cracking or abnormal failure patterns in Talablocks, suggesting that the added oyster shell powder did not induce brittleness. In contrast, water absorption did not differ significantly between the two block types, indicating that although oyster shell addition may slightly increase hydration, it does not compromise material integrity or crack resistance. These findings demonstrate that oyster shell waste can be repurposed as an effective, sustainable additive in construction materials, reducing waste and promoting environmentally responsible hollow block production.
Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica
Copyright (c) 2026 Marjon Jake H. Ruelo, Judy Pearl M. Ranulo, Patricia Kaye R. Acuña, Prince John B. Guadalquiver, Francis Noli T. Sayawan, Yasser D. Musa, John Ely P. Palmera, Norsalam Bascuña, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth And Survival of Sea Hare (Dolabella auricularia) Fed with Seaweeds under Cage Condition in Guang-Guang, Mati City, Davao Oriental
Growth and survival of sea hare (Dolabella auricularia) fed with seaweeds under cage condition in Guang-guang, Mati, Davao Oriental was studied through measuring the weight of 120 samples, which ranged from 50 to 120, for three months (November 2006-January 2007). Cages were set up using (RCBD) Random Complete Block Design, four treatments with three replications: T1 control (no feeding), T2 feed with green algae (Caulerpa racemosa), T3 feed with brown algae (Sargassum polycystum), and T4 feed with red algae (Gracilaria sp.). Feeding was done weekly, and weight measurement was done every two weeks. Environmental parameters such as water temperature, pH, salinity, and turbidity were also determined every two weeks. Growth was measured by calculating the variance (S²). Survival was determined by the actual count of every individual. Data showed that growth of sea hare in T4 exhibited faster growth (0.28 gram per day fed with red algae Gracilaria sp.) compared to other treatments. Survival of sea hare ranged from 80% to 86%. Average mean temperature ranged from 31.89°C to 31.28°C, salinity ranged from 33.42 to 33.83 ppt, pH ranged from 7.93 to 7.95, and turbidity of water is very clear. During gut analysis, there were undigested parts of algae found in T4 and T2 specimens, while in T1 and T3 specimens, no remains of algae were found.
Copyright (c) 2007 Michelle Jean M. Gunayan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality, Utilization and Management of Groundwater in Barangay Badas, Mati, Davao Oriental
The study was conducted to assess the quality of groundwater and management practices of the residents in Barangay Badas, Mati, Davao Oriental. Specifically, this included the water utilization profile and biological characteristics—Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms per 100 ml. sample, chemical characteristics-pH. total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, nitrates, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. There were 208 respondents interviewed for the determination of water utilization profile, potential source of contamination, and water management practices of the residents in Barangay Badas. Five sampling sites were established for the collection of water samples, which were then submitted to the University of Immaculate Conception, Davao City for analysis. The Philippine National Standard for drinking water was used for water quality assessment. The t-test was used for data analyses in comparing the experimental mean to the standard value. The majority of the residents in Barangay Badas used their water for domestic purposes. The main possible sources of groundwater contamination in this area were the waste from agricultural activities, improper waste disposal, and improper sanitation. The results for the most probable number of coliforms per 100 ml. sample and sodium were above the maximum level. The pH levels were within the safe limits for drinking water. The results for total dissolved solids, total hardness, chlorides, nitrates differ from one station to another. Magnesium and calcium had no standard values. The residents of Barangay Badas should be educated on the importance of water management in order to conserve one of its non-renewable natural resources, the groundwater.
Copyright (c) 2007 Mark Jay C. Gomez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Media Exposure and Social Awareness of selected Residents in Mati City, Davao Oriental
The study was conducted to determine the media exposure and social awareness of some residents in Barangay Central, Mati, Davao Oriental. The objectives of the study were to determine the socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, determine the types or forms of media they are exposed to, and find out the reasons of the respondents for the types of media accessed. The research design utilized was the descriptive type, where the survey questionnaire was the instrument used in data gathering. And the simple frequency count and percentage was the method used in analyzing the data. The data showed that 33% cited that their choice of media was its accessibility in the home. Print media, specifically newspapers, was patronized as the most used by the majority. Broadcast media gained 19% of the respondents, with radio as the choice of the majority. The results revealed, too, that TV was used as a source of information and as the choice of the majority of the respondents. The Internet was the choice of 14% of respondents as a source of information among the types of multimedia. The respondents also revealed that media were contributory to their social awareness regarding the events across the nations and the world in general. Through media the respondents pointed out that they have adequate information that helped them cope with their social undertaking as well as face problems affecting their social well-being. The sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics have no significant relationship with the choice of media exposure.
Copyright (c) 2007 Jennecorse M. Egos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Technology-Integrated Problem-Based Learning in Mathematics Education: A Scoping Review of Technological Trajectories, Pedagogy, Learning, and Challenges
Technology-Integrated Problem-Based Learning (TI-PrBL) is gaining attention as an approach that combines digital tools, artificial intelligence, and real-world problems to enhance mathematics teaching and learning. This scoping review evaluates existing theoretical and empirical evidence on TI-PrBL in mathematics education to examine its pedagogical foundations, impact on students’ problem-solving skills, and the challenges faced in its implementation. A scoping review design was adopted, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, to identify and map relevant studies. The review revealed four key themes. First, the evolution of technology use shows a shift from tools that emphasized efficiency, such as calculators and spreadsheets, toward platforms that foster inquiry, collaboration, and visualization, including GeoGebra, Desmos, and generative AI. Second, TI-PrBL is anchored in constructivist, self-regulated, and transformative learning theories, highlighting its capacity to strengthen higher-order thinking, autonomy, and reflective engagement. Third, consistent findings point to its positive impact on mathematical problem-solving, with students demonstrating deeper conceptual understanding, flexible strategies, and collaborative reasoning in TI-PrBL environments. Finally, challenges persist, including limited teacher preparedness, an accelerating digital divide due to inequitable access to technology, and gaps in student digital literacy, which raise concerns about the long-term sustainability and inclusivity of the TI-PrBL framework. Overall, the findings suggest that TI-PrBL holds strong potential to enhance mathematical problem-solving when aligned with authentic, real-world tasks and supported by inclusive technological access, institutional investment, and hybrid instructional models that balance inquiry-based and teacher-guided learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diether C. Montejo, Chris R. Buscay, Roland A. Nasayao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Understanding Verbal Bullying in Meranaw: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Guidance Office Narratives
This qualitative study examines verbal bullying expressed in the Meranaw language through a psycholinguistic lens, drawing on documented narratives from the Guidance Office of Mindanao State University–Integrated Laboratory School (MSU-ILS), Marawi City. Meranaw refers to both the language and the ethnolinguistic group predominantly residing in Lanao del Sur, whose cultural values particularly maratabat (honor) shape interpersonal communication. The study aimed to identify (1) documented narratives of verbal bullying, (2) linguistic and emotive features of Meranaw bullying expressions, (3) underlying psychological forces influencing both bullies and the bullied, and (4) the psychological consequences of these experiences. Using a narrative case study design, data were triangulated from Guidance Office archives (2017–2022), in-depth interviews with students and parents, focus group discussions with teachers, and key informant interviews with psychologists and linguists. Psycholinguistic analysis focused on lexical choice, emotive meaning, and culturally embedded interpretations of verbal expressions. Findings reveal that Meranaw verbal bullying commonly manifests through name-calling and culturally loaded insults targeting physical appearance, socioeconomic status, and ethnic or religious identity, resulting in strong emotional responses such as shame, humiliation, and insecurity. Psychological forces driving bullying include narcissistic tendencies, displacement, and peer pressure, while bullied learners often exhibit low self-esteem and social vulnerability. A key limitation is the single-site, context-specific nature of the study, which limits generalizability. The study underscores the need for culturally responsive, language-sensitive interventions involving schools and families.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sittie Zhaynab H. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Regional Risks and Policy Responses to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Invasion in Davao Region
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has emerged as a serious threat to rice and corn production in the Philippines, particularly in the Davao Region. Since its detection in 2019, the pest has rapidly spread due to its high mobility, polyphagous feeding behavior, and adaptability, causing significant crop damage and threatening regional food security and farmer livelihoods. Corn, being the pest’s preferred host, has suffered yield losses of up to 80% in severe infestations, while recent reports also confirm its ability to attack rice seedlings. The region’s diverse cropping systems, continuous cultivation, and favorable climate further increase FAW’s establishment and spread. Current responses rely heavily on chemical control, raising concerns over resistance development, environmental harm, and health risks. This policy brief therefore advocates the urgent adoption of science-based, integrated pest management strategies, strengthening surveillance and monitoring systems, promoting resilient, diversified farming practices, and enhancing farmer education and extension support. It also recommends increased research funding, stakeholder collaboration, and participatory approaches to develop locally adapted solutions. Implementing these coordinated strategies will reduce FAW impacts, safeguard rice and corn production, and support the long-term resilience and sustainability of the agricultural sector in the Davao Region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karl Fritze S. Sampiano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Assessment of CCTV Implementation in Government and Private Places in the Province of Capiz, Philippines
Guided by Rational Choice Theory and Deterrence Theory, this study explored how Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) systems are implemented in both government and private sectors in the Province of Capiz, Philippines. Using a descriptive-comparative approach, the study gathered data from 1,567 respondents—including police officers, barangay chairpersons, and security guards—from 17 municipalities and cities through stratified random sampling. A validated and reliable researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results showed that CCTV systems were generally in place in government- owned establishments, while implementation in private establishments was only moderate. Differences in perceptions were also evident across respondent groups. Statistical analysis revealed that police officers and security guards consistently rated CCTV implementation higher than barangay chairpersons in both sectors. This suggests that professional roles and day-to-day exposure to security operations shape how CCTV effectiveness is viewed. When examined through the lenses of Rational Choice and Deterrence theories, CCTV emerges as an important tool that discourages crime by increasing the perceived risk of being detected and punished. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for clearer policies, stronger coordination among agencies, and continued investment in surveillance infrastructure to improve public safety and promote more effective governance in both public and private spaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joenard C. Duno, Wilfredo D. Dalugdog https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DOSCST Automated State College Admission and Scholarship Test
As Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST) moves for better and quality education, this study was conducted to have a full grasp of the transactions and processes of the Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology State College Admission and Scholarship Test (DOSCST SCAST) to improve its conduct. The automation of SCAST, the improvement of its data access and retrieval, and the security of examination and results data to make the transactions and processes done in a shorter period of time are the main objectives of the study. Prototyping methodology was used in Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST) Automated SCAST development. This allows the team to build a prototype within a short period of time and enhance it as the prototyping iteration process continues. Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST)-Automated SCAST will have a great role in DOSCST’s Guidance Counseling and Testing Center (GCTC) and for the DOSCST administration as well. This will provide efficient transactions and convenience to the GCTC personnel and ease to the examinees during the examination period. In addition, this will also make way for providing filtered data information to future studies about the DOSCST’s entrance examination process. Finally, this study helps in achieving a better quality education in DOSCST. Thus, Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST) should adopt the conduct of the DOSCST-Automated State College Admission and Scholarship Test as its basis in accepting new students and in selecting its scholars.
Copyright (c) 2005 Mylen S. Boloy, Serjean A. Cario, Stephen Paul L. UY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Entrepreneurial Management on Cooperative Performance of Multipurpose Cooperatives in Davao Oriental, Philippines
This study, grounded in entrepreneurial management theory, aimed to identify which indicators of Entrepreneurial Management - Strategic Orientation, Management Structure, Growth Orientation, Entrepreneurial Culture significantly predict the performance of multipurpose cooperatives in Davao Oriental, Philippines. A survey method using a researcher-administered questionnaire gathered data from 200 respondents. The data were then analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results showed that entrepreneurial management attained an overall mean score of 4.05, indicating implementation across strategic orientation, management structure, growth orientation, and entrepreneurial culture. Cooperative performance likewise scored high (M = 4.34; SD = 0.83). Regression results revealed that all four indicators significantly predict cooperative performance (R² = 0.85, p < .05). The findings indicate that entrepreneurial management could play a crucial role in improving cooperative efficiency, organizational development, and a member-centered approach, especially by having a high level of strategic orientation and entrepreneurial culture. The findings offer practical implications for cooperative sustainability and may inform policies supporting organizational development in rural enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeni A. Nicolas, Annie L. Deriada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Richness and Abundance of Tree Species in the Bonsai Field, Mount Hamiguitan, San Isidro, Davao Oriental
The study aimed to assess the richness and abundance of tree species in the Bonsai Field, Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental. Sampling was conducted within the Bonsai Field, where ten remote-sensed sample plots were established. The presence of bonsai tree species in all plots was recorded, counted, and identified using mechanical sampling with a line plot method. Species identification employed both reference methods and the Indigenous Knowledge System, using local common names for all species. A total of 67 species were documented, of which 38 species (57%) were identified with local names and 29 species (43%) remained unidentified. Seven species showed 100% constancy, and 12 species (18%) had 90% fidelity. Eleven species (16.41%) exhibited high mean density, ranging from 1,000 to over 5,000 stems/ha, with a total mean percent cover of 62.74%. Eleven species were dominant, while 56 were rare. Among dominants, Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) had the highest mean density (5,280 stems/ha) and percent cover (15.20%), followed by Bitanghol (Calophyllum blancoi) (2,340 stems/ha, 6.88%) and Malasulasi (Leptospermum flavescens Sm.) (2,220 stems/ha, 6.39%). Distribution of bonsai trees showed a clumped pattern; the highest variance values were recorded for Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) (1,257.73) and Zysigium spp. (Syzygium P. Browne ex Gaertn) (1,138.80), while Unknown species_2 had the lowest (0.50). The Shannon Diversity Index was 3.4060, the Evenness Index 0.8101, and the Dominance Index 21.1416, indicating high species diversity. The data provide baseline information for environmental management, proper utilization of forest resources, and conservation of the Bonsai Field and Mt. Hamiguitan Range.
Copyright (c) 2007 Jan Rey Sarabia Hapinat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Utilization as a Mediator Between Students’ Study Attitude and Mathematics Achievement
Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in education has sparked interest in its effect on student learning. This study examined AI utilization as a mediator in the relationship between students’ study attitude and mathematics achievement, involving 323 BSED Mathematics students across four campuses of Davao de Oro State College, of whom 195 were identified as AI users. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational design was employed, with data collected through stratified random sampling. An adapted questionnaire measured study attitude (17 items) and AI utilization (25 items), while mathematics grades from the first semester of the academic year 2024–2025 served as indicators of academic performance. Statistical analyses included mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and Sobel’s Test. Findings revealed that students generally demonstrated high levels of study attitude, whereas AI utilization was moderate. Mathematics achievement was classified as very satisfactory. Despite these positive indicators, the relationship between AI utilization and mathematics achievement was weak and non-significant, and mediation analysis showed no significant mediating effect of AI utilization. In conclusion, the study indicates that although students exhibited strong study attitudes and satisfactory mathematics performance, AI utilization did not significantly influence achievement or mediate the relationship between study attitude and performance. This suggests that students’ learning attitudes remain more influential than AI use, while AI tools function primarily as supplementary support. Strengthening students’ study habits and attitudes should remain a priority in enhancing learning outcomes. Further research is recommended to determine the conditions under which AI may more effectively contribute to academic performance and inform broader educational strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lysander E. Roquero, Rain Jhon U. Rollon, Gemar B. Magbutong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity and Community Composition of Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Forest Patches of Iligan City, Mindanao, Philippines
Click beetles (Family Elateridae) are among the most diverse groups within the Elateroidea superfamily of beetles. These insects are often used as indicators of ecosystem diversity, as their presence reflects environmental health. Moreover, many beetle species also depend on forests for survival, highlighting their interconnected relationship with the ecosystem. In this context, this study surveyed click beetles in various forest patches in Iligan City using Malaise traps and active collection methods. Over six months of collection, 27 individuals representing 13 morphospecies and eight subfamilies were documented. Species richness and diversity were highest in Sikyop (H′=1.67; D′=0.76; J′=0.86), followed by Tinago (H′=1.32), while the most abundant species include Melanotus sp., Cryptalaus sp., Csikia sp., and Agrypnus species. However, most identifications remain provisional due to distinct morphological traits among taxa and require molecular confirmation. These findings offer preliminary insight into species composition and local diversity, providing baseline data that is imperative for inventory, ecological studies, and future management strategies, as well as valuable information for local communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aijelyn Pancho, Eddie P. Mondejar, Olive A. Amparado, Ruben F. Amparado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Rebellion to Integration: The Phenomenological Experiences of Former Rebels now Serving as CAA in Talaingod, Davao del Norte
The paper investigates the lived experiences of the CAA force in Talaingod, Davao del Norte, who were previously members of the CPP-NPA. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, involving interviews with five purposively selected former rebels to elicit their motivations, challenges, and coping strategies during their transition from guerrilla fighters to community peacekeepers. The results show that the participants’ path to joining CAA was driven by rectifying their mistakes, protecting vulnerable IP communities, and seeking financial stability. Being a current member of the CAA has allowed them to maintain a steady income, receive livelihood assistance, and maintain access to their loved ones, which helps them rebuild their lives and regain their self-worth. Notably, they faced challenges during the transition, such as trauma, stigma, and fear of retribution from their former comrades in the armed group. The troops of the 56th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine Army, along with the acceptance of the IP community of Talaingod led by datus, have helped them adjust and return to everyday lives. Hence, the study shows that reintegration is not merely about finding a profession or sustaining oneself with financial assistance; it also requires emotional support from loved ones and community acceptance. The study proposes that the government implement programs to maintain education, job opportunities, and livelihoods for former rebels, to curb stigma and discrimination, while allowing them to revitalize their lives as they take on responsibilities as active partners of the government in promoting peace in the conflict-affected areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bismark D. Gumela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Baseline Assessment of Seagrass Abundance and Community Structure in the Coastal Waters of Barangay Poblacion as Basis for Coastal Ecosystem Management in Malay, Aklan
Seagrass communities are vital in the coastal ecosystem, providing habitat, stabilizing sediment, and contributing to fisheries productivity. However, there is no baseline information for seagrass abundance and community structure in the coastal area of Poblacion, Malay, Aklan. To answer this gap, this study assessed seagrass cover, abundance, diversity and community structure to establish baseline data for the area. Sampling was conducted from February to April 2022 during daytime and low tide using the transect-quadrat method. A 25-grid quadrat was placed along three 50 m transect lines, with 10 m intervals between each quadrat. Overall, three species were recorded to be ecologically dominant—C. rotundata, T. hemprichii, and H. uninervis. Of these, C. rotundata is the most dominant, with a total cover of 34.5%, the highest Frequency (85.3%), and the highest relative Frequency (26.9%). Meanwhile, the study site exhibits moderate and relatively balanced diversity and distribution of seagrass species, as indicated by a calculated Shannon-Wiener Diversity index (H’ = 1.52) and evenness (E = 0.78). The observed zonation pattern suggests that the area is favorable for habitat colonization. These findings provide a baseline for monitoring, protecting, conserving, and managing seagrass dynamics, as well as for sustainable biodiversity and the enrichment of Malaysia’s coastal ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josave D. Oczon, Modesto Melden B. Intoy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0