The Davao Research Journal is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal that publishes research and developmental reports across various fields of study. It is the official journal of the Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU). The journal seeks contributions from other researchers and writers from various institutions, universities, and agencies, including foreign authors, who are welcome to submit their manuscripts.
DRJ is an open-access journal and the article's license is CC-BY-NC. This license allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build on the author's work, as long as they give credit to the original work. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal/publisher non-exclusive publishing rights with the work simultaneously licensed under a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Antifungal Potential of Different Weed Leachates for the Postharvest Control of Papaya Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum spp.
A wide variety of fungal pathogens cause postharvest diseases in papaya. Among these, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is considered one of the most destructive diseases, resulting in significant postharvest losses worldwide. Several plant extracts and leachates have been reported to possess antifungal activity against various fungal pathogens. This study evaluated the efficacy of Solanum torvum, Amaranthus viridis, and Lantana camara leachates in controlling anthracnose in ‘Solo’ papaya. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were arranged using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The in vitro test consisted of 11 treatments with 132 samples, while the in vivo test included six treatments with 54 samples. Results showed that all leachates at 5% concentration inhibited the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum spp. under in vitro conditions. In vivo, A. viridis recorded the lowest disease severity (47.08%), followed by S. torvum (65.37%) and L. camara (73.06%). Significant differences among treatments were observed for disease severity, visual quality, and degree of shriveling at 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that A. viridis leachate has promising potential as a natural alternative for the postharvest management of papaya anthracnose by reducing disease development and maintaining postharvest fruit quality. Further studies are recommended to identify the active antifungal compounds, determine their mode of action, and evaluate the effectiveness of the leachates using larger sample sizes under semi-commercial and commercial postharvest storage conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Jesa M. Ocho, Jeric C. Biol, Roel Z. Rementizo, Merlina H. Juruena, Sheryl S. Bayang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Life History and Predatory Behavior of Euborellia annulata (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) on Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus)
This paper reports the life history of Euborellia annulata (Fabricius) and its predatory behavior against the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2°C and 70 ± 5% RH). Ten second generation adult pairs of E. annulata were allowed to mate, oviposit, and complete their development while feeding exclusively on P. marginatus. The setup was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three biological replicates. Results indicate that mating to oviposition occurred after a short pre-oviposition period of 5.46 days, while egg incubation was completed approximately 6-8 days. E. annulata underwent four nymphal instars before reaching adulthood. The first lasted 7.20 days, while the second instar lasted 5.73 days. Third required 8.07 days before transitioning to the fourth and final nymphal stage. The fourth exhibited the longest developmental duration of 9.20 days. Adults were characterized by a smooth, glossy black exoskeleton. Sexual dimorphism was evident through differences in cercal morphology. Predation involved prey assessment and repeated attempts at attack before successful capture and consumption. An individual earwig required 30–40 minutes to consume a single mealybug nymph. This, however, suggests relatively high prey-handling costs which might be associated with overcoming the waxy defenses of P. marginatus. Although the predator readily accepted and consumed the mealybug, prolonged handling time may constrain its maximum predation rate under high pest densities. Further studies are needed to evaluate the functional response, habitat overlap with arboreal pests, and field-level efficacy within integrated pest management programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karl Fritze S. Sampiano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of a Structuralist-Based Geometry Instructional Approach on the Mathematical Literacy of Grade 9 Students
This research note was conducted to determine the effects of a structuralist-based geometry instructional approach on the mathematical literacy of Grade 9 public junior high school students. Mathematical literacy remains a recurring issue among junior high school students, especially in geometry, as learners find it difficult to reason mathematically, represent mathematical information, and solve mathematical problems. The structuralist-based intervention was based on Structural Learning Theory, which focused on recognizing patterns, connecting concepts, visualizing mathematical ideas, and using manipulatives to increase comprehension of geometric concepts. This investigation used a quantitative pre-experimental research design involving a one-group pretest–posttest method. The respondents were 40 Grade 9 students from a public junior high school in Nabunturan, Davao de Oro, chosen using purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and a paired samples t-test were used. Findings revealed that students’ mathematical literacy improved from a low level during the pretest (M = 37.73, SD = 3.99) to a high level during the posttest (M = 57.18, SD = 8.91). Statistical analysis further revealed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores, t (39) = -13.079, p < .001, indicating that students performed significantly better after exposure to the structuralist-based instructional approach. The computed effect size (d = 2.07) indicated an extremely large educational effect. The findings suggest that integrating structuralist-based instructional strategies may enhance students’ mathematical literacy in geometry through meaningful conceptual engagement and structured learning experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hannah Mae T. Camposo, Arrel Jay B. Velez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
LDPE Biodegradation Potential of Landfill-Derived Myrothecium sp. Strain Gavilo–Nemenzo (FS3) from Davao Oriental, Philippines
Plastic pollution remains a major environmental concern because of its persistence and resistance to natural degradation. This study aimed to isolate and characterize microorganisms associated with degraded LDPE plastic litter collected from the sanitary landfill in Davao Oriental, Philippines, and evaluate their potential for LDPE biodegradation. Microbial isolation from degraded LDPE samples yielded ten isolates, comprising five bacterial (BS1–BS5) and five fungal (FS1–FS5) strains. Morphological characterization was performed through observation of colony morphology and microscopic features of the recovered isolates. Screening assays identified fungal isolate FS3 as the most efficient LDPE degrader, causing surface roughening, thinning, deformation, fragmentation, and extensive fungal colonization of the plastic substrate. Stereomicroscopic and SEM analyses revealed dense fungal colonization and penetration of the LDPE surface, accompanied by extensive deterioration compared with uninoculated controls. Molecular characterization through Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing identified isolate FS3 as Myrothecium sp., exhibiting 100% sequence identity with Myrothecium sp. strain Wt303, and the isolate was consequently designated Myrothecium sp. strain Gavilo–Nemenzo (FS3). Future multilocus phylogenetic and morphological investigations will evaluate its taxonomic status and may support the proposal of the reserved species name Myrothecium gavilonemenzorum sp. nov. if warranted by the evidence. The isolate demonstrated LDPE biodegradation activity and polymer surface deterioration, highlighting its potential as a biological agent for plastic waste remediation. These findings demonstrate that sanitary landfill environments harbor microorganisms with plastic-degrading capabilities and support the potential application of Myrothecium sp. strain Gavilo-Nemenzo (FS3) in sustainable waste management, environmental biotechnology, and taxonomic investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eunice M. Gavilo, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Extraction and Sustainability Assessment of Total Carotenoids from Carrot (Daucus Carota) Peel Waste using Soybean Oil
The environmental and health impacts of organic solvent extraction for carotenoid recovery highlight the need for a greener, more sustainable process. This study investigates the use of soybean oil as a green, environmentally friendly alternative for recovering carotenoids from carrot (Daucus carota) peels, offering a zero-waste approach to conventional, often toxic organic solvents. A two-factor, three-level full factorial experimental design was employed to evaluate and optimize the temperature (30, 45, and 60 °C) and the liquid-solid (L/S) ratio (20, 30, and 40 mL:g). In addition, Total Carotenoid Content (TCC) was quantified with UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses showed that the L/S ratio primarily drove extraction efficiency (p < 0.01), thereby improving mass transfer and matrix penetration. Temperature (p < 0.01) and its interactions with the L/S ratio (p < 0.01) also significantly enhanced cell wall permeability. The model was reduced, as quadratic terms were insignificant (p > 0.05). The optimal predicted conditions of the reduced model yielded 77.49 ± 13.13µg β-carotene/g of dried peel at a 40 L/S ratio and 30 °C, with validation runs yielding 76.04 ± 3.71 13µg β-carotene/g of dried peel. A final score of 0.59 based on the Path2Green sustainability metrics suggests that the carotenoid extraction process is eco-friendly and low-impact, especially high (+1.00) in biomass utilization, post-treatment, scaling, transport, waste, purification, application, and the use of eco-friendly solvents. These findings demonstrate that soybean oil is an effective and sustainable solvent alternative for carotenoid recovery, offering a practical option for greener industrial processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hans Cedric F. Palero, Heleina Melissa I. Bobadilla, Paolo Santino B. Ramiso, Cynthia F. Madrazo, John Ray C. Estrellado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Automation of Vehicle Entry and Exit at Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology
The main objective of the study was to develop an automated vehicle entry and exit program in the main gate of Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology. It can automate the existing vehicle entrance and exits operation with the use of a microcomputer, sensors, and a stand-alone program. It follows the Waterfall Model methodology of software engineering. The study provided a distinctive identity in classifying the authorized and non-authorized vehicles. It also has a visual application that displays the timed entry and exit of the school's faculty, staff, and currently enrolled students. The program also computes the total number of hours spent by the faculty and staff inside the campus, which is an aid for monitoring their time of duty in the college. The system can also provide an interactive button for manual opening and closing of the gate for those non-authorized vehicles The study can provide the college an alternative system that is sophisticated in controlling and managing the entry and exit of vehicle in the campus. The college can have a reliable automated system that will work for 24 hours a day.
Copyright (c) 2005 Airene L. Felisilda, Aldrin A. Narisma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Information technology plays a vital part in various studies in the field of ecology. It opens the way for more concise and more accurate results for ecological research and reduces effort, especially in the manipulation of data. In Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology, ecologists seek assistance from statisticians for their studies. However, some of these statisticians manually compute their data, which often leads to a waste of time, effort, and resources. This software is designed to be user-friendly. It was developed in a Visual Basic environment, which provides a fast and easy way to calculate basic statistical operations. It has a Graphical User Interface which allows users to just click the desired commands instead of typing command lines. The software first requires the user to define the name of the species, station name, and quadrats used in their study. Then a table is filled with raw data gathered from his study. The list of ecological raw data will then be the basis for calculations. The software automatically calculates basic statistical operations that include summary statistics, spatial pattern indices, diversity indices, and correlation. The development of this software follows the prototyping method that involves the use of interactive prototypes that can be replaced or altered after receiving feedback from evaluations of the clients.
Copyright (c) 2005 Lorelyn L. Abrea, Ronedez Jann M. Mejia, Leo F. Polutan, Roy G. Ponce https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Record-Keeping in Small-scale Aquaculture: Perceptions and Challenges
Record-keeping is a critical management tool in aquaculture, but such record-keeping practices among fish farmers in Ghana remain inconsistent. The study aimed to examine the status, perceptions, and challenges of record-keeping. Structured questionnaires were administered to 120 respondents in the northern and southern parts of the Bono region, Ghana. The data obtained were analyzed to determine the importance and challenges of record keeping using the SPSS statistical tool. Results showed that, though fish farmers in both southern (Sr) and northern (Nr) sampling locations had high perception (Mean score > 4.13) about record keeping for profitability, decision-making, and access to financial support, only a few (Nr = 31 %; Sr = 47 %) regularly kept records. Paper notebooks were the dominant format for record keeping among the respondents (Nr = 100 %; Sr = 73 %), while digital methods such as spreadsheets were rarely adopted. Illiteracy (Nr = 50 %; Sr = 60 %) and the time factor (Nr = 30 %; Sr = 30 %) were the key challenges confronting record keeping among fish farmers. Training on record keeping, age, and years of experience were key factors that positively influenced record-keeping behavior among fish farmers in Ghana. Based on the findings, continuous training by extension officers, awareness and user-friendly digital tools are recommended to strengthen record-keeping practices and promote sustainable aquaculture growth in Ghana.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samuel K.K. Amponsah, Peter A. Aduko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Police Self-Image in Relation to Public Trust in the Second Congressional District of Davao Oriental
Public trust in law enforcement is a complex issue shaped by individual perspectives and social dynamics. This study aims to gain an understanding of the Police Self-Image in Relation to Public Trust among police officers assigned in the second congressional district of Davao Oriental, using a community-based survey of 358 respondents. This study uses a quantitative, descriptive-correlational research method to: first, identify the levels of police self-image and public trust; second, explore the existing relationship between police self-image and public trust; and third, test the existing influence of police self-image on public trust. Results reveal that Police self-image is very high, as is Public Trust. The correlation test found a significant, strong positive correlation between police self-image and public trust. Also, it exerted a significant influence on police self-image and public trust. The R-squared value indicated that 41.4% of the variance in public trust is significantly influenced by police image. This study concludes that police self-image is a strong and significant predictor of public trust, amplifying 41.4% of its variance. A very high police self-image aligns with high public trust, validating their positive relationship. Law enforcement agencies ought to institutionalize programs that reinforce police professional identity, ethical standards, and community engagement, as police self-image statistically significantly influences public trust. Regular community discussions and a feedback system should also be applied. Additionally, subsequent initiatives should explore additional determinants of trust, as 58.6% of its variance remains unexplained.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jenet Grace Fuentes, Steve Bryan B. Simbrano, Micaela Abigail Picar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA-AHP) for Flood and Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Urban Sprawl Assessment in the City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines
Flooding and landslides pose persistent and compounding risks in the City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines, where rapid urban expansion increasingly intersects with hazard-prone landscapes. This study applied a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis integrated with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (MCDA-AHP) to generate spatially explicit flood and landslide susceptibility maps and examine their interaction with urban sprawl from 2017 to 2024. Flood susceptibility was modelled using slope, elevation, rainfall, land use/land cover, and topographic wetness index, while landslide susceptibility incorporated slope, rainfall, soil type, erodibility, clay content, and land cover. Weighted overlay analysis produced composite hazard maps that were subsequently integrated with urban growth data. Results indicate that approximately 2,458.66 hectares are highly susceptible to flooding, primarily in low-lying coastal barangays, while 10,267.15 hectares are highly prone to landslides in steep upland areas. Urban expansion increased from 1,864.21 hectares in 2017 to 3,181.88 hectares in 2024, with significant encroachment into high-risk zones. This spatial convergence of hazards and development intensifies exposure, particularly in densely populated and rapidly developing communities. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of GIS-based MCDA-AHP as a decision-support tool for multi-hazard assessment and highlights the urgent need for risk-informed land-use planning. Integrating hazard-susceptibility maps into local policies, zoning regulations, and infrastructure planning is critical to minimizing disaster impacts and guiding sustainable urban development. These findings provide a robust scientific basis for enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity in hazard-prone coastal and upland environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramil L. Ramos, Jonathan S. Cabrera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Roles of Various Family Member in Abaca Production in Baganga, Davao Oriental
Women play a vital yet often underrecognized role in the rural economies of developing countries, particularly in agriculture, which is traditionally viewed as a male-dominated field. This study focused on gender roles in abaca farming, aiming to analyze how family members—husbands, wives, and children—contribute to production and the household economy. This study was conducted in Barangay Mikit and Barangay Campawan in Baganga, Davao Oriental. The research involved 42 abaca farmers selected based on their livelihood. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire translated into the local language. The respondents ranged in age from 18 to 62, with the largest group between 34 and 41 years old. Households had slightly more males (54%) than females (46%). Educational attainment was generally low, with 67% having only elementary education, reflecting limited financial capacity and access to schooling. Most respondents (95%) owned their homes, and 29% cultivated 5–6 hectares of land, often inherited. Labor in abaca farming was divided among family members. Husbands take primary responsibility for planting and harvesting due to the physical demands of these tasks. Wives assisted mainly in maintaining the farm, such as clearing weeds, while children provided additional support when needed. Marketing activities involve minimal participation from wives and children. Overall, the study highlights that although men dominate key farming tasks, the contributions of women and children were significant and essential. Their involvement supports productivity and strengthens the family’s economic stability, emphasizing the need for greater recognition of their roles in abaca farming.
Copyright (c) 2004 Genevieve Saypan Espada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantitative Analysis of Soil, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in the Mango Farm of MEFCO, Mati City, Davao Oriental
The study was conducted at the Mango Farm of MEFCO to determine the concentrations of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), and the two specific environmental parameters, soil temperature and soil moisture. This was conducted from December 2002 to January 2003. Quantitative analysis of soil nitrogen was determined using Wilde’s Colorimetric Method, soil phosphorus using Modified Olsen Method, and soil potassium using Warm H₂SO₄ Extraction. Moisture content was determined using the percent moisture calculation, and soil temperature was measured with a thermometer. Results showed that the mean available soil nitrogen concentration in the mango farm was 300 ppm. Soil phosphorus concentration ranged from as low as 1 ppm (Stations 1,2 and 3) to as high as 20 ppm (Station 5). The average available phosphorus concentration in the mango farm was 5.6 ppm. Soil potassium concentration in the mango farm was 444 ppm. Soil temperature in the mango farm of MEFCO ranges from 25.4 °C (Station 1) to 26.6°C (Station 2). Average soil temperature was found to be 26.08 °C. Soil moisture content ranges from 1.02 % to 1.04 %, with a mean of 1.03 % Result of the 1-Test for physicochemical parameters, as compared with desirable values and soil sufficiency level, was highly significant. This means that the parameters were found to be lower than the desirable and sufficient value. Environmental parameters, as compared to soil sufficiency and desirable levels, were also highly significant.
Copyright (c) 2004 Tediolin C. Ato https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Linking Environmental Factors to Phenolic Concentrations in Seagrasses of Silliman Beach and Olympia Island, Negros Oriental
Seagrass meadows are essential in sustaining marine biodiversity, supporting fisheries, and protecting shorelines. Despite their importance, seagrasses are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors, including sedimentation, nutrient enrichment, pollution, and coastal development. These pressures can trigger biochemical responses such as the accumulation of phenolic compounds. In this study, phenolic concentrations in seagrasses were quantified, and the environmental factors influencing their concentration were identified. Seagrass samples were collected from Silliman Beach (Dumaguete City) and Olympia Island (Bais City), Philippines. Phenolic content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Water quality parameters were monitored twice monthly from July 2024 to April 2025, and sediment nutrient analyses were conducted monthly. Results revealed lower phenolic concentrations in the seagrasses at Olympia Island (5.24 to 26.50 mg TAE/g) than at Silliman Beach (6.82 to 50.5 mg TAE/g). Syringodium isoetifolium exhibited the highest phenolic concentration at Silliman Beach, followed by Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, and Halodule pinifolia. Enhalus acoroides showed the lowest concentrations in both Silliman Beach and Olympia Island. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that phosphorus primarily influenced phenolic accumulation in Syringodium isoetifolium. In other seagrass species, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and nutrients correlated with the phenolic concentrations. Increased phenolic production in seagrasses reflects adaptive stress responses and resource allocation toward defense. Therefore, phenolic levels should be incorporated as a biomarker to monitor ecosystem health and guide conservation strategies in Philippine seagrass habitats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rica D. Bantoto, TJ G. Alcala, Levi Shane C. Montano, Venus B. Kinamot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pusit (Squid) Chicharon as an Enterprise Development Project
This enterprise development project on pusit chicharon is an academic study that focuses on determining the feasibility of the new product in Barangay Central, City of Mati, Davao Oriental. Pusit Chicharon is a product that could serve as an additional source of income for fisherfolk, women, and entrepreneurs in the locality. This product also aimed to provide employment to the community and to understand the impact on the customer of the new product. For every 1 kg of dried pusit, it produces 40 packs of 25 g of pusit chicharon. Therefore, to produce 200 packs at 25 g per pack per operation, it needs 25 kg of fresh pusit, which is equivalent to 5 kg of dried pusit. The shelf life of the product is about 14 – 16 days for human consumption at a room temperature of 30 oC. To achieve the desired volume of the product, it is best to operate 4 times a week. The volume of production is 200 packs per operation, and produced for about 38,400 packs annually. The initial annual return on investment has 110%, a unit variable cost of Php 14.70 per 25 g packs, a net profit margin of 32%, and 9,477 packs of break – even volume of production. Therefore, it is profitable to produce Pusit Chicharon in the locality since it has a higher potential return on investment, and the price is acceptable in the market. Hence, processing of Pusit Chicharon is a feasible business.
Copyright (c) 2017 Mary Joy Antolin Pacatang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and Construction of Motorcycle Telescopic Oil Seal Remover with Installer
This study, entitled “Design and Construction of Motorcycle Telescopic Oil Seal Remover with Installer,” is a device to assist the technician in safely, comfortably, and efficiently servicing the motorcycle telescopic. This study was conducted to determine the essential components of the gadget in terms of supplies, tools, and equipment to be used. To determine the production cost of the study in terms of materials cost and labor. To determine also the function and limitation of the tool in terms of capacity, longevity, and to identify its functionality, cost effectiveness, aesthetics, and design. This device is composed of a frame, a telescopic holder, an oil seal remover, and an installer, which makes the whole system functional. The questionnaires were distributed and answered by the 60 respondents, composed of 50 BITM students and 10 experts. The findings show that the materials and supplies used in fabricating the said project were made up of affordable materials. The total cost of the gadget is Php 11,105.00. It took 43 hours to make this tool. The device was found to be very functional, attractive, and affordable, based on the combined assessment of the expert and the students. Based on the findings and results, the fabrication of the project is technically feasible and could be produced locally. It helps technicians to easily remove and install the motorcycle telescopic oil seal remover with an installer. Thus, the study should be conducted to improve the design and efficiency of the complete project.
Copyright (c) 2018 Bernel T. Lanus, Jeffrey M. Moanag, Renie P. Bancale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular and Histopathological Detection of Vibrio harveyi Associated with Mortality in Asian Sea Bass Cultured in Sri Lanka
Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer), commonly known as barramundi, is an economically important food fish inhabiting coastal and brackish waters. In Sri Lanka, demand for commercial and recreational fishing has increased due to its mild flavor and culinary versatility. However, disease outbreaks pose significant challenges to aquaculture production, particularly in cage culture systems. This study investigated the causative agent of mass mortality events in Asian sea bass farms in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Fish exhibiting clinical signs, including skin ulcers, fin rot, exophthalmia, and lethargy, were collected for examination. Samples from the kidney, liver, and spleen were cultured on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) agar at 37 °C for 24-48 hr. Isolates produced small to medium, round, convex colonies on TSA and green colonies on TCBS. Biochemical characterization revealed Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, motile rods that fermented glucose without gas production. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction confirmed the pathogen as Vibrio harveyi with 99.44% similarity to strain CP014038.2. The sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession number OR351233). Histopathological examination revealed tubular injury, necrotic epithelial cells, and macrophage-lymphocyte infiltration in liver and kidney tissues. This study confirms that Vibrio harveyi is strongly associated with Vibriosis, causing mass mortality in Asian sea bass cage culture in Trincomalee. These findings provide essential baseline data for developing effective disease prevention and control strategies in Sri Lankan aquaculture systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sakajamary Velichor, Mohamed Naleem Mohamed Fouzi, Samanthika Jagoda, Rasika Jinadasa, Muneeb Mohamed Musthafa, Faiz Mohideen Mohamed Thassim Marikar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Math Avoidance and Psychological Difficulties in Relation to Number Sense: A Structural Equation Model
Weak number sense persists into tertiary education and is often associated with math avoidance and psychological difficulties that hinder students’ engagement and performance in mathematics. While prior studies have examined constructs such as math anxiety, self-efficacy, and achievement independently, limited research has explored the structural relationships among math avoidance, psychological difficulties, and number sense simultaneously, particularly at the college level. Moreover, the application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze these constructs as latent variables within a unified framework remains limited, resulting in an incomplete understanding of how affective factors interact with numerical proficiency among students with recent mathematical learning experiences. To address this gap, this study examined the structural relationships among math avoidance, psychological difficulties, and number sense among first- and second-year college students. A correlational quantitative research design was employed, involving 214 participants selected through purposive sampling and enrolled in mathematics-related courses. Data were collected through validated instruments administered via Google Forms. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and SEM were utilized to analyze the data. Results revealed moderate levels of math avoidance, psychological difficulties, and number sense. Math avoidance was significantly and positively related to psychological difficulties and negatively associated with number sense, while psychological difficulties showed no significant relationship with number sense. The SEM results indicated excellent model fit, supporting the proposed framework. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing math avoidance through targeted interventions that enhance confidence, reduce anxiety, and promote active engagement in learning mathematics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christine Claire M. Caberos, Rholey R. Picaza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Professional Experience and Personal Circumstances as Determinants of Science Teacher Preparedness in Lupon District, Davao Oriental
Science teachers play a critical role in ensuring effective classroom instruction, particularly in rural and resource-limited settings where instructional challenges persist. This study aimed to assess the level of preparedness of public secondary science teachers in the Lupon East and Lupon West Districts, Division of Davao Oriental, and to determine whether significant differences in preparedness exist across groups defined by selected demographic variables. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study examined teacher preparedness in terms of attitude toward preparation, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control using a quantitative descriptive research design. A total of 52 science teachers were included through total enumeration, and data were collected using a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance. The results revealed a very high level of preparedness among science teachers across all three dimensions, with attitude toward preparation obtaining the highest mean, followed by subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. No significant differences in preparedness were found across age, sex, and educational attainment groups. Significant differences were observed based on civil status and length of service, with single teachers and those with six to ten years of teaching experience demonstrating higher levels of preparedness. These findings suggest that science teacher preparedness is shaped more by professional experience and personal circumstances than by demographic or academic characteristics. The study concludes that contextualized professional development programs tailored to teachers’ career stages and rural teaching conditions are essential to sustaining and enhancing science instruction in Lupon District, Davao Oriental.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mae A. Repaso, Gemma M. Valdez, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Food Diversification to Address Food Security among Fishermen in Davao Region, Philippines
Coastal fisheries are vital to the country’s economy and provide a livelihood for many households in the Philippines. The fishing sector is a vulnerable group and heavily reliant on fishing for its livelihood. However, the country faced environmental constraints and societal challenges. To feed the growing population, food security must be ensured and nutrition knowledge improved across the fisheries sector and the country. This study aimed to assess the food security status of local fisherfolk in the Davao region, describe the common food groups consumed by the fisherfolk, calculate the fisherfolk's food consumption score, and expand food assistance to fisherfolk with a low food consumption score. To achieve this, random sampling was employed using a semi-structured interview questionnaire. The Food Consumption Assessment Tool of WFP-FAO was used to analyze fishers' calorie intake across selected coastal cities and municipalities in the Davao region. The results revealed that coastal households across all municipalities have excellent consumption of cereals, meat, and milk, suggesting frequent intake of a nutrient-dense diet. However, consumption of fruits, spices, and oils falls within the poor consumption range, indicating limited use and rare consumption of these food groups. Results show that a food policy is necessary to address food insecurity among coastal households. Food insecurity will likely decrease by promoting local goods, such as backyard-grown fresh produce or container gardening for direct consumption. Furthermore, to address these problems and improve the food security of fishing communities in the Davao Gulf, coordinated strategies that support sustainable fisheries, diversify revenue streams, and provide access to foods high in micronutrients are needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arianne Kay O. Liguez, John Edward M. Jimenez, Michael Jeriel I. Bersaldo, Erna S. Macusi, Edison D. Macusi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Awareness and Perceptions on Reproductive Health Law Among Tausug in Magsaysay, Mati City, Davao Oriental
Awareness and perceptions on Reproductive Health Law among Tausug in Magsaysay, Mati City, Davao Oriental were the main focus of this study. This used a qualitative, descriptive research design. Ethnographic methodology was also utilized in the study. The respondents were identified through snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling. A one-on-one interview and thematic analysis were used to collect and analyze the data. There were N=50 respondents identified. The respondents were 15-60 years old for males and 15-40 years old for females, either married or unmarried. As a result of the study, it was found that only 48% of Tausug who were aware of the Reproductive Health Law were male. According to the study, television was the most common source of their information. Their knowledge of the RH Law was limited to Family Planning and Contraceptives. Religion played a significant role in the acceptance of the RH Law. There were only 28% who were aware and willing to accept and follow the RH Law. The reason those 20% who did not accept and follow the RH Law cited was that it was against their religion; thus, there was a lack of awareness and misconceptions among the respondents.
Copyright (c) 2014 Abdullah M. Barabag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gender Mapping of Abaca Farmers in Baganga, Davao Oriental, Philippines
This study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profiles of respondents, determine the participation of husband, wife and children in abaca production activities and determine the working conditions of wives and children relative to abaca production. The study was conducted in Barangay Campawan and Barangay Mikit, Baganga, Davao Oriental. Using a descriptive method of research, a rapid research design was employed wherein demographic and economic characteristic of all respondents in the two barangays were gathered. Analysis of data was also applied the frequency distribution and percentages. Results of the study showed that majority of respondents were males and between 34-41 years old. Most of them attained only elementary education and were married, professed Roman Catholic and spoke Mandaya. Majority owned 3- 4 hectares and only 1-2 hectares were planted with abaca. In terms of income, Abaca dominated among the crop production in the farm area. In Abaca production activities, husband had the most contribution from planting to marketing. Wives and children also assisted in the abaca production. The farm area was very far from the house of respondents. Most of the respondents went to the farm area from 4 am to 8 am and returned around 5 pm. The abaca farmers worked more than 8 hours a day. Husbands did not allow their wives to go to the farm area if not feeling well. Children stayed home to do household chores if their parents were working in the farm area.
Copyright (c) 2018 Jecel M. Dolosa, Lilibeth S. Galvez, PhD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lea Angsinco-Jimenez, Ph.D.: A Pioneer in Marine Science—Legacy and Impact
Dr. Lea Angsinco-Jimenez, a distinguished Filipino marine scientist, educator, and research administrator whose career spans more than four decades of service to marine science, coastal resource management, and higher education in the Philippines. She currently serves as Professor VI and Vice President for Research, Innovation, and Extension at Davao Oriental State University, where she has significantly contributed to advancing marine and coastal studies in the Davao Region. Her early exposure to the coastal ecosystems of Mati, Davao Oriental fostered a deep and enduring commitment to marine conservation. Dr. Jimenez began her professional career in aquaculture and fisheries research, working with the Southern Philippines Development Authority and the Mindanao State University–Institute of Fisheries Research and Development. These experiences strengthened her expertise in marine ecology, coral reef assessment, and field-based research. She later transitioned to academia, where she advanced through the ranks while pursuing higher education, earning a Master of Science in Marine Ecology from Vrije Universiteit Brussel and a Ph.D. in Higher Education. Her research covers coastal ecosystem management, mangrove rehabilitation, marine pollution, artificial reef development, and biodiversity conservation. She has led and collaborated on numerous projects funded by national and international agencies. As a research leader, she strengthened institutional programs and fostered partnerships with global organizations. A co-inventor of the patented Speedy Sea Scanner, she exemplifies innovation in marine monitoring. Widely recognized for her mentorship and community engagement, Dr. Jimenez’s legacy is defined by her contributions to science, institutional development, and environmental sustainability. Continuing influence beyond formal roles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivy M. Nallos, John Edward M. Jimenez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strengthening Resilience among Small-Scale Fishers in Coastal Communities in Davao Region
Small-scale fisheries are vital to food security and livelihoods in coastal communities, yet fishing households face multiple environmental, institutional, and livelihood-related risks. This study analyzes vulnerability levels and resilience capacities of fishers across selected municipalities in the Davao Gulf. Fieldwork interviews were conducted using indicators that measure the vulnerability and resilience of coastal communities. Vulnerability was low in Samal (0.15), Sta. Cruz (0), Carmen (0.1) & St. Maria (0.33). This indicates that they are not directly affected by climate hazards and other stressors, whereas other municipalities experienced moderate vulnerability. Resilience is low in Mabini (0), Pantukan (0.5), and Samal (0.15) due to age and health issues and the lack of alternative livelihoods, which require intervention from the government and other concerned agencies. Governor Generoso (0.73) and Sta. Maria (1.01) is a municipality with the highest level of resilience. It emphasizes that livelihood diversification, adaptive capacity and effective enforcement are present in the area. In contrast, others show moderate resilience. The findings highlight the need for integrated policies that address environmental management, institutional support, livelihood diversification, and nutrition to strengthen the resilience of coastal fishing communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 John Edward M. Jimenez, Arianne Kay O. Liguez, Michael Jeriel I. Bersaldo, Erna S. Macusi, Edison D. Macusi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceptions, Causes, and Socioeconomic Effects of Drowning in Artisanal Fishing Communities
Drowning is an under-recognized occupational hazard in Ghana's marine and inland fishing communities. This study examined the perceptions, causes, and effects of drowning in these sectors through a cross-sectional survey of 151 respondents, utilizing structured questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and One-Way ANOVA. The results indicated that perceptions and causes of drowning were significantly higher in inland fisheries (MSP = 3.2 ± 0.2; MSC = 4.1 ± 0.1) compared to marine fisheries (MSP = 2.7 ± 0.1; MSC = 3.6 ± 0.2) (Mann-Whitney U-test, p < 0.05). In the marine fisheries, the primary causes of drowning were poor swimming decisions (MSC = 3.49), overloaded boats (MSC = 3.73), and extreme weather conditions (MSC = 3.15). Conversely, in inland fisheries, the significant causes were poor swimming decisions (MS = 4.58), overloaded boats (MSC = 4.56), poor knowledge of wave patterns (MSC = 4.31), submerged tree stumps (MSC = 4.15), and extreme weather conditions (MSC = 4.08). Regarding the effects of drowning, the main effects of drowning from both inland and marine fisheries were death (MSinland = 4.63 and MSmarine = 4.08) and financial stress (MSinland = 4.31 and MSmarine = 3.51). Based on these findings, it is recommended that fisheries-specific strategies, including awareness programs and infrastructure development, such as tree stump removal, be urgently implemented to reduce drowning incidents in Ghanaian fishing communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samuel K.K. Amponsah, Gibert Baah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contours of Conviction: Quantifying Identity Stability among Muslim Youth in Response to Contemporary Islamic Thought
This study examined the stability of religious identity among Muslim youth in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, and its relationship with exposure to contemporary Islamic thought. Religious identity stability, encompassing belief, practice, and affiliation, was analyzed in the context of increasing exposure to contemporary Islamic interpretations and digital religious discourse. Employing a descriptive–correlational design, the study surveyed 220 Muslim youth aged 18 to 30 years using a structured, expert-validated questionnaire measuring religious identity stability and exposure to contemporary Islamic thought. Descriptive statistics revealed high levels of stability across belief (M = 4.09), practice (M = 3.91), and affiliation (M = 4.14), suggesting that religiosity among Muslim youth in Palimbang remains both firm and adaptive. Respondents reported openness to contemporary interpretive perspectives (M = 3.87) and perceived that contemporary Islamic thought strengthened their understanding of Islam (M = 4.20). A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.483, p < .001) was found between exposure to contemporary Islamic thought and religious identity stability, indicating that engagement with contemporary Islamic discourse, particularly through digital scholarship and contemporary Islamic learning platforms, reinforces faith commitment. These findings highlight that Muslim youth exhibit adaptive stability, maintaining coherence of belief and practice while integrating reflective engagement with contemporary Islamic scholarship. This suggests that exposure to contemporary Islamic interpretations and digital Islamic discourse fosters cognitive maturity, critical reasoning, and faith resilience. The study contributes to understanding how contemporary Islamic engagement sustains religious identity within rural Muslim communities, offering implications for religious education and youth development initiatives in the Philippine context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abusailan P. Akmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Estimating the Health Production Function: A National-Level Study of Bangladesh
Health is a fundamental human right and a crucial determinant of human capital formation, exerting a significant influence on economic growth and development. This study empirically examines the health production function at the national level in Bangladesh, using 50 years (1975-2024) of secondary data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank. A multiple regression model is applied to identify the critical determinants of health status, with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation. Since this study uses time-series data, it applies diagnostic tests for stationarity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation before estimating the OLS model. The results reveal that literacy rate, employment rate, access to safe drinking water, availability of physicians, and per capita health expenditure are positively associated with life expectancy at birth, a measure of the health status of people at the national level. Conversely, the poverty headcount ratio demonstrates a negative relation with life expectancy. The findings highlight the importance of adopting a comprehensive policy framework to improve public health outcomes. Providing quality education, integrating health awareness campaigns, and implementing targeted healthcare subsidies are crucial steps toward improving the national health status. Given the relationship between health status and economic progress, a strategic focus on inclusive healthcare policies and equitable resource allocation is imperative for fostering sustainable development in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Shamsul Alam, Md Elias Hossain, Md Asduzzaman Kiron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gendered Division of Labor in Traditional Upland Rice Farming Systems in the Selected Municipalities of the Third Congressional District of Iloilo
The traditional upland rice cultivation system in the Philippines demonstrates an equilibrium among cultural traditions, ecological adaptation, and gendered divisions of labour. The study was conducted in the five municipalities of the Third District of Iloilo, where TURVs are farmed, preserved, and connected to their culture. Using a structured criteria and guidelines, on-farm interviews and community consultations, and triangulations were employed from (n = 1,935) respondents. A colour-coded matrix was integrated (men’s activities presented in blue cells, women’s activities in yellow cells, the joint-task-sharing indicates green cells, and violet cells – not applicable activities). Findings indicated distinct gender-related clusters of labor specialization. Land tillage, fertilization, and pest control remain significantly more male-dominated because they are physical and technically demanding. By contrast, seed system management, sowing or planting, weeding, harvesting, and postharvesting are shared primarily by both genders. Women are active participants in seed selection, storage, processing, and, in some instances, sales and marketing: They actively participate in actions which contribute to household food security and cultural persistence. Evidence of inadequate or informal marketing of upland rice has been drawn from this research and indicates that TURVs depend on subsistence and serve to constitute community life. Gender inclusivity needs to be emphasized and integrated into agricultural research, development planning, and improvement plans. Equitable participation not only reinforces household resistance but also maintains indigenous means of knowledge systems and culturally appropriate interventions suitable to the daily life situations of upland farmer families.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edreson G. Torteo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physical Activity Barriers and Holistic Wellness among Teacher Education Students
This study aimed to determine the significant relationship between physical activity barriers and holistic wellness among teacher education students. Using quantitative research design, the study employed descriptive-correlational method with 180 teacher education students as respondents. There was significant relationship between physical activity barriers and holistic wellness among teacher education students. The results revealed that among teacher education students, the mean scores for physical activity barriers were: lack of willpower (3.43), lack of time (3.30), lack of resources (3.08), fear of injury (2.79), and lack of skills and social influence (both 2.76). These results yielded an overall mean of 3.09, indicating a moderate level of perceived barriers; notably, the only barrier to reach a "high" mean was lack of energy (3.54). Regarding holistic wellness, students achieved high mean scores in physical and environmental health (3.74), mental and emotional health (3.95), and spiritual and social health (4.18). The overall result of the two variables got computed on Pearson R-value of 267 that generated a p-value of .000, which means that based on the 0.05 level of significance, the probability yield was less than the alpha value (p<.05) means there is a significant relationship between physical activity barriers and holistic wellness among teacher education students.
Copyright (c) 2015 Odesyl M. Caparos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Levels of Awareness, Importance and Willingness to Engage in Agri-Tourism: In the case of Farm Owners and some Sectors in the Municipality of Manay
This study was conducted to measure the levels of awareness, importance and willingness of the respondents to engage in agri-tourism in the municipality of Manay, Davao Oriental. Respondents of this study were 13 including farmers, representatives from the selected sectors in the community policy maker, government, transport sector, student and professional. The farmers were identified as Gawad-saka awardees located in four barangays namely, San Ignacio, Holy cross, Cayawan and Tubigan. Semi-structured interview questionnaires were used to collect data, analyzed, interpreted and computed through frequency counts and percentages. Most of the respondents being interviewed were males; under the age bracket raging 51-60 years old, 40-50 years old and 61-70 years old. About 92% of the marital status of respondents were married and the remaining 8% were single. Most of the respondents were Mandaya and majority of their religion were Catholic. In terms of the primary source of income of the respondents, most of them rely on farming and 46% of the respondent finished their tertiary level. Farmers were highly aware of what is agri-tourism. Some sectors in the community were also highly aware on what is agri-tourism, its definition, terms related to agri-tourism and some activities to enjoy in. Farmers perceived that agri-tourism was very important as well as some sectors in which the result shows the general importance was very high. Farmers were very willing to engage in agri-tourism as well as some sectors recognized agri-tourism as income generating and would greatly help the economic status of the farms.
Copyright (c) 2015 Christine Mae G. Cabanos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing the Implementation and Outcomes of the Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Empowerment Program of the 56th Infantry (TATAG) Battalion, 7th Infantry (KAUGNAY) Division, Philippine Army
This paper assessed the initiative programs developed within the 56th Infantry Battalion, aligned with the NCO Empowerment Program of the Headquarters, Philippine Army, and their effects on leadership confidence, professional initiative, and unit performance among NCOs. A multi-method design was utilized, employing a descriptive-comparative quantitative framework to determine significant differences across profiles, complemented by a descriptive-exploratory qualitative analysis. A total of 303 personnel from 56IB, 7ID, PA participated in the study. Quantitative data were examined using frequency, percentage, average weighted mean, T-test, and ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed by Braun and Clarke’s Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results revealed that the level of implementation was rated as “Very High” (AWM = 4.68), while the extent of outcomes was perceived at a “Very High Extent” (AWM = 4.61). A significant difference in perceived outcomes was identified regarding rank (p = 0.008), specifically showing that Junior NCOs (Corporal to Sergeant) benefited most by gaining leadership confidence and professional initiative. While mentorship and recognition bolstered morale, challenges such as hesitation due to traditional command norms and personal welfare issues were identified. Overall, the program significantly enhances leadership development, professional initiative, and unit performance, but requires sustained mentoring and structured leadership training to address organizational barriers. These findings suggest that empowering NCOs at the tactical level strengthens coordination and decision-making, contributing to the broader professionalization of the Philippine Army.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali B. Sumangil, Bismark D. Gumela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0