The Davao Research Journal is a multidisciplinary and peer-reviewed journal that publishes research and developmental reports in various fields of study. It is the official journal of the Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU). The journal seeks contributions from other researchers, and writers from various institutions, universities, and agencies, including foreign authors, are welcome to submit their manuscripts.
DRJ is an open-access journal and the article's license is CC-BY-NC. This license allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build on the author's work, as long as they give credit to the original work. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal/publisher non-exclusive publishing rights with the work simultaneously licensed under a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Assessing the Implementation and Outcomes of the Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Empowerment Program of the 56th Infantry (TATAG) Battalion, 7th Infantry (KAUGNAY) Division, Philippine Army
This paper assessed the initiative programs developed within the 56th Infantry Battalion, aligned with the NCO Empowerment Program of the Headquarters, Philippine Army, and their effects on leadership confidence, professional initiative, and unit performance among NCOs. A multi-method design was utilized, employing a descriptive-comparative quantitative framework to determine significant differences across profiles, complemented by a descriptive-exploratory qualitative analysis. A total of 303 personnel from 56IB, 7ID, PA participated in the study. Quantitative data were examined using frequency, percentage, average weighted mean, T-test, and ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed by Braun and Clarke’s Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results revealed that the level of implementation was rated as “Very High” (AWM = 4.68), while the extent of outcomes was perceived at a “Very High Extent” (AWM = 4.61). A significant difference in perceived outcomes was identified regarding rank (p = 0.008), specifically showing that Junior NCOs (Corporal to Sergeant) benefited most by gaining leadership confidence and professional initiative. While mentorship and recognition bolstered morale, challenges such as hesitation due to traditional command norms and personal welfare issues were identified. Overall, the program significantly enhances leadership development, professional initiative, and unit performance, but requires sustained mentoring and structured leadership training to address organizational barriers. These findings suggest that empowering NCOs at the tactical level strengthens coordination and decision-making, contributing to the broader professionalization of the Philippine Army.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali B. Sumangil, Bismark D. Gumela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Elevation-Driven Shifts in Species Diversity, Endemicity, and Vegetation Structure across the Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Davao Oriental, Philippines
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (MHRWS) in Davao Oriental, Philippines, is among the country’s most ecologically diverse and geologically unique mountain ecosystems. Rising to 1,620 m above sea level and covering 6,834 ha, it is part of the Eastern Mindanao Biodiversity Corridor. Declared a national park in 2003 and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014, Mt. Hamiguitan supports numerous endemic and threatened species through collaborative stewardship by national agencies, local governments, and indigenous communities. This study analyzed vegetation profiles and land cover types along Mt. Hamiguitan’s elevational gradient to clarify biodiversity patterns and ecological zonation. Sixteen vegetation quadrats were systematically established at 100-m intervals from 140-1,620 m above sea level. Species composition, forest type, and mean diameter at breast height (DBH) were recorded and integrated with satellite-derived land cover data and GIS analysis to evaluate habitat distribution and human influence. Five major forest formations were identified: agroecosystem (75–420 m), dipterocarp forest (420–920 m), montane forest (920–1,160 m), mossy forest (1,160–1,350 m), and mossy-pygmy forest (1,160–1,620 m). Elevation strongly influenced shifts in species diversity, endemicity, and vegetation structure. Lower elevations were dominated by agriculturally influenced species such as Ficus indica and Chrysophyllum cainito, while higher zones supported stunted, endemic taxa including Leptospermum flavescens and Tristaniopsis micrantha, adapted to ultramafic soils and cooler, wind-exposed environments. The study underscores Mt. Hamiguitan’s role as a vertically stratified refuge for endemic biodiversity and highlights the need to protect high-altitude forests, restore buffer zones, and monitor climate-driven species shifts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramil L. Ramos, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica, Emily S. Antonio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microbial Assessment of Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology's (DOSCST) Water System Mati, Davao Oriental: A Basis for Management Intervention
This study dealt with the microbial assessment of the water system of Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST). It determined the Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms, identifying the genera of coliforms, water consumption, and health-related information among the students, faculty, staff, and management intervention to water supply. The study was conducted in the DOSCST's main campus. Collection of water samples was done on December 2006 and January 2007 Results disclosed that the Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms in the water sample ranged from 9, 11, 13, and 16. Thermotolerant bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia were the four (4) genera of coliforms found in the water samples. Thus, water proved to be not suitable for drinking. Evidently, the students (50.70%), faculty (49.98%), and staff (43.33%) consumed the water supply of the college for drinking, washing, cooking, bathing, and watering of plants. The frequency of usage was seldom for students, frequent for the faculty, and most frequent for the staff. Of all the respondents, students (0.3%) and faculty (0.7%) had experienced water-related health problems such as stomach aches and skin rashes. Students had experienced water-related health problems most frequently, while the faculty had experienced them always. On the other hand, the staff had never experienced any water-related health problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jennie C. Besas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advantages of Restricted Caregiving on Work Behaviors of Digitally Fixated Children Ages 2–5 in Cavite
The study investigated the effects of caregiving approaches on the work behaviors of digitally fixated children aged 2 to 5 years in Cavite, Philippines. It examined how restricted, unrestricted, and supervised caregiving approaches influence a child’s attention, concentration, frustration tolerance, and impulse control. A descriptive correlational quantitative design was used, involving 75 caregiver–child dyads selected through purposive and convenience sampling. The study introduced a caregiver approach classification tool developed and validated for the Philippine context, which caregivers completed along with adapted instruments to rate their children’s work behaviors. Descriptive statistics showed that the restricted caregiving approach was most prevalent, followed by supervised and unrestricted, while caregiver reports indicated average work behavior quality. Spearman’s rank-order correlation indicated a very weak, positive, and non-significant association between caregiving approaches and work behaviors. In contrast, the Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed significant differences in work behaviors across caregiving approaches, with Dunn’s post hoc analysis confirming higher work behavior levels among children in restricted caregiving than in supervised or unrestricted caregiving. These findings suggest that a restricted caregiving approach may better support work behaviors among digitally fixated young children by providing consistent structure and clear limits during task engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kyla Marie B. Lucas, Pauline L. Hernandez, Jennifer Rose R. Ablang, Michael Balabat, Andrei Miguel P. Crucillo, Vince Cedrick B. Macuñat, Keana Andria M. Sarmiento, Sophia Laureanna M. Sebastian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance of TALABLOCKS: Cement Hollow Block with Ostreidei Shell additive
This study investigates the potential use of oyster shells (Ostreidae) as an additive in the production of hollow blocks to enhance their mechanical and physical properties. Specifically, it assessed the effects of oyster shell incorporation on compressive strength and water absorption performance. An experimental–descriptive research design was employed to establish cause-and-effect relationships while providing a detailed characterization of the material's behavior. The experiment was conducted at ParksHub Hollow Blocks, Purok Dita, Bobon, Mati City, Davao Oriental, and laboratory evaluation was performed at Triple M Material Testing Center, Tagum City. Observations and measurements were systematically recorded using a logbook, and data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the performance of “Talablocks” (oyster shell–enhanced blocks) with commercial hollow blocks. Results revealed a significant increase in compressive strength for Talablocks compared with conventional hollow blocks, indicating the potential of oyster shell powder to enhance load-bearing capacity. Visual observations during and after compressive strength testing showed no noticeable cracking or abnormal failure patterns in Talablocks, suggesting that the added oyster shell powder did not induce brittleness. In contrast, water absorption did not differ significantly between the two block types, indicating that although oyster shell addition may slightly increase hydration, it does not compromise material integrity or crack resistance. These findings demonstrate that oyster shell waste can be repurposed as an effective, sustainable additive in construction materials, reducing waste and promoting environmentally responsible hollow block production.
Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica
Copyright (c) 2026 Marjon Jake H. Ruelo, Judy Pearl M. Ranulo, Patricia Kaye R. Acuña, Prince John B. Guadalquiver, Francis Noli T. Sayawan, Yasser D. Musa, John Ely P. Palmera, Norsalam Bascuña, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth And Survival of Sea Hare (Dolabella auricularia) Fed with Seaweeds under Cage Condition in Guang-Guang, Mati City, Davao Oriental
Growth and survival of sea hare (Dolabella auricularia) fed with seaweeds under cage condition in Guang-guang, Mati, Davao Oriental was studied through measuring the weight of 120 samples, which ranged from 50 to 120, for three months (November 2006-January 2007). Cages were set up using (RCBD) Random Complete Block Design, four treatments with three replications: T1 control (no feeding), T2 feed with green algae (Caulerpa racemosa), T3 feed with brown algae (Sargassum polycystum), and T4 feed with red algae (Gracilaria sp.). Feeding was done weekly, and weight measurement was done every two weeks. Environmental parameters such as water temperature, pH, salinity, and turbidity were also determined every two weeks. Growth was measured by calculating the variance (S²). Survival was determined by the actual count of every individual. Data showed that growth of sea hare in T4 exhibited faster growth (0.28 gram per day fed with red algae Gracilaria sp.) compared to other treatments. Survival of sea hare ranged from 80% to 86%. Average mean temperature ranged from 31.89°C to 31.28°C, salinity ranged from 33.42 to 33.83 ppt, pH ranged from 7.93 to 7.95, and turbidity of water is very clear. During gut analysis, there were undigested parts of algae found in T4 and T2 specimens, while in T1 and T3 specimens, no remains of algae were found.
Copyright (c) 2007 MICHELLE JEAN M. GUNAYAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality, Utilization and Management of Groundwater in Barangay Badas, Mati, Davao Oriental
The study was conducted to assess the quality of groundwater and management practices of the residents in Barangay Badas, Mati, Davao Oriental. Specifically, this included the water utilization profile and biological characteristics—Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms per 100 ml. sample, chemical characteristics-pH. total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, nitrates, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. There were 208 respondents interviewed for the determination of water utilization profile, potential source of contamination, and water management practices of the residents in Barangay Badas. Five sampling sites were established for the collection of water samples, which were then submitted to the University of Immaculate Conception, Davao City for analysis. The Philippine National Standard for drinking water was used for water quality assessment. The t-test was used for data analyses in comparing the experimental mean to the standard value. The majority of the residents in Barangay Badas used their water for domestic purposes. The main possible sources of groundwater contamination in this area were the waste from agricultural activities, improper waste disposal, and improper sanitation. The results for the most probable number of coliforms per 100 ml. sample and sodium were above the maximum level. The pH levels were within the safe limits for drinking water. The results for total dissolved solids, total hardness, chlorides, nitrates differ from one station to another. Magnesium and calcium had no standard values. The residents of Barangay Badas should be educated on the importance of water management in order to conserve one of its non-renewable natural resources, the groundwater.
Copyright (c) 2007 MARK JAY C. GOMEZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Media Exposure and Social Awareness of selected Residents in Mati City, Davao Oriental
The study was conducted to determine the media exposure and social awareness of some residents in Barangay Central, Mati, Davao Oriental. The objectives of the study were to determine the socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, determine the types or forms of media they are exposed to, and find out the reasons of the respondents for the types of media accessed. The research design utilized was the descriptive type, where the survey questionnaire was the instrument used in data gathering. And the simple frequency count and percentage was the method used in analyzing the data. The data showed that 33% cited that their choice of media was its accessibility in the home. Print media, specifically newspapers, was patronized as the most used by the majority. Broadcast media gained 19% of the respondents, with radio as the choice of the majority. The results revealed, too, that TV was used as a source of information and as the choice of the majority of the respondents. The Internet was the choice of 14% of respondents as a source of information among the types of multimedia. The respondents also revealed that media were contributory to their social awareness regarding the events across the nations and the world in general. Through media the respondents pointed out that they have adequate information that helped them cope with their social undertaking as well as face problems affecting their social well-being. The sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics have no significant relationship with the choice of media exposure.
Copyright (c) 2007 JENNECORSE M. EGOS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Technology-Integrated Problem-Based Learning in Mathematics Education: A Scoping Review of Technological Trajectories, Pedagogy, Learning, and Challenges
Technology-Integrated Problem-Based Learning (TI-PrBL) is gaining attention as an approach that combines digital tools, artificial intelligence, and real-world problems to enhance mathematics teaching and learning. This scoping review evaluates existing theoretical and empirical evidence on TI-PrBL in mathematics education to examine its pedagogical foundations, impact on students’ problem-solving skills, and the challenges faced in its implementation. A scoping review design was adopted, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, to identify and map relevant studies. The review revealed four key themes. First, the evolution of technology use shows a shift from tools that emphasized efficiency, such as calculators and spreadsheets, toward platforms that foster inquiry, collaboration, and visualization, including GeoGebra, Desmos, and generative AI. Second, TI-PrBL is anchored in constructivist, self-regulated, and transformative learning theories, highlighting its capacity to strengthen higher-order thinking, autonomy, and reflective engagement. Third, consistent findings point to its positive impact on mathematical problem-solving, with students demonstrating deeper conceptual understanding, flexible strategies, and collaborative reasoning in TI-PrBL environments. Finally, challenges persist, including limited teacher preparedness, an accelerating digital divide due to inequitable access to technology, and gaps in student digital literacy, which raise concerns about the long-term sustainability and inclusivity of the TI-PrBL framework. Overall, the findings suggest that TI-PrBL holds strong potential to enhance mathematical problem-solving when aligned with authentic, real-world tasks and supported by inclusive technological access, institutional investment, and hybrid instructional models that balance inquiry-based and teacher-guided learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diether C. Montejo, Chris R. Buscay, Roland A. Nasayao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Understanding Verbal Bullying in Meranaw: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Guidance Office Narratives
This qualitative study examines verbal bullying expressed in the Meranaw language through a psycholinguistic lens, drawing on documented narratives from the Guidance Office of Mindanao State University–Integrated Laboratory School (MSU-ILS), Marawi City. Meranaw refers to both the language and the ethnolinguistic group predominantly residing in Lanao del Sur, whose cultural values particularly maratabat (honor) shape interpersonal communication. The study aimed to identify (1) documented narratives of verbal bullying, (2) linguistic and emotive features of Meranaw bullying expressions, (3) underlying psychological forces influencing both bullies and the bullied, and (4) the psychological consequences of these experiences. Using a narrative case study design, data were triangulated from Guidance Office archives (2017–2022), in-depth interviews with students and parents, focus group discussions with teachers, and key informant interviews with psychologists and linguists. Psycholinguistic analysis focused on lexical choice, emotive meaning, and culturally embedded interpretations of verbal expressions. Findings reveal that Meranaw verbal bullying commonly manifests through name-calling and culturally loaded insults targeting physical appearance, socioeconomic status, and ethnic or religious identity, resulting in strong emotional responses such as shame, humiliation, and insecurity. Psychological forces driving bullying include narcissistic tendencies, displacement, and peer pressure, while bullied learners often exhibit low self-esteem and social vulnerability. A key limitation is the single-site, context-specific nature of the study, which limits generalizability. The study underscores the need for culturally responsive, language-sensitive interventions involving schools and families.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sittie Zhaynab H. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Regional Risks and Policy Responses to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Invasion in Davao Region
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has emerged as a serious threat to rice and corn production in the Philippines, particularly in the Davao Region. Since its detection in 2019, the pest has rapidly spread due to its high mobility, polyphagous feeding behavior, and adaptability, causing significant crop damage and threatening regional food security and farmer livelihoods. Corn, being the pest’s preferred host, has suffered yield losses of up to 80% in severe infestations, while recent reports also confirm its ability to attack rice seedlings. The region’s diverse cropping systems, continuous cultivation, and favorable climate further increase FAW’s establishment and spread. Current responses rely heavily on chemical control, raising concerns over resistance development, environmental harm, and health risks. This policy brief therefore advocates the urgent adoption of science-based, integrated pest management strategies, strengthening surveillance and monitoring systems, promoting resilient, diversified farming practices, and enhancing farmer education and extension support. It also recommends increased research funding, stakeholder collaboration, and participatory approaches to develop locally adapted solutions. Implementing these coordinated strategies will reduce FAW impacts, safeguard rice and corn production, and support the long-term resilience and sustainability of the agricultural sector in the Davao Region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karl Fritze S. Sampiano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Assessment of CCTV Implementation in Government and Private Places in the Province of Capiz, Philippines
Guided by Rational Choice Theory and Deterrence Theory, this study explored how Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) systems are implemented in both government and private sectors in the Province of Capiz, Philippines. Using a descriptive-comparative approach, the study gathered data from 1,567 respondents—including police officers, barangay chairpersons, and security guards—from 17 municipalities and cities through stratified random sampling. A validated and reliable researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results showed that CCTV systems were generally in place in government- owned establishments, while implementation in private establishments was only moderate. Differences in perceptions were also evident across respondent groups. Statistical analysis revealed that police officers and security guards consistently rated CCTV implementation higher than barangay chairpersons in both sectors. This suggests that professional roles and day-to-day exposure to security operations shape how CCTV effectiveness is viewed. When examined through the lenses of Rational Choice and Deterrence theories, CCTV emerges as an important tool that discourages crime by increasing the perceived risk of being detected and punished. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for clearer policies, stronger coordination among agencies, and continued investment in surveillance infrastructure to improve public safety and promote more effective governance in both public and private spaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joenard C. Duno, Wilfredo D. Dalugdog https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Entrepreneurial Management on Cooperative Performance of Multipurpose Cooperatives in Davao Oriental, Philippines
This study, grounded in entrepreneurial management theory, aimed to identify which indicators of Entrepreneurial Management - Strategic Orientation, Management Structure, Growth Orientation, Entrepreneurial Culture significantly predict the performance of multipurpose cooperatives in Davao Oriental, Philippines. A survey method using a researcher-administered questionnaire gathered data from 200 respondents. The data were then analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results showed that entrepreneurial management attained an overall mean score of 4.05, indicating implementation across strategic orientation, management structure, growth orientation, and entrepreneurial culture. Cooperative performance likewise scored high (M = 4.34; SD = 0.83). Regression results revealed that all four indicators significantly predict cooperative performance (R² = 0.85, p < .05). The findings indicate that entrepreneurial management could play a crucial role in improving cooperative efficiency, organizational development, and a member-centered approach, especially by having a high level of strategic orientation and entrepreneurial culture. The findings offer practical implications for cooperative sustainability and may inform policies supporting organizational development in rural enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeni A. Nicolas, Annie L. Deriada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Richness and Abundance of Tree Species in the Bonsai Field, Mount Hamiguitan, San Isidro, Davao Oriental
The study aimed to assess the richness and abundance of tree species in the Bonsai Field, Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental. Sampling was conducted within the Bonsai Field, where ten remote-sensed sample plots were established. The presence of bonsai tree species in all plots was recorded, counted, and identified using mechanical sampling with a line plot method. Species identification employed both reference methods and the Indigenous Knowledge System, using local common names for all species. A total of 67 species were documented, of which 38 species (57%) were identified with local names and 29 species (43%) remained unidentified. Seven species showed 100% constancy, and 12 species (18%) had 90% fidelity. Eleven species (16.41%) exhibited high mean density, ranging from 1,000 to over 5,000 stems/ha, with a total mean percent cover of 62.74%. Eleven species were dominant, while 56 were rare. Among dominants, Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) had the highest mean density (5,280 stems/ha) and percent cover (15.20%), followed by Bitanghol (Calophyllum blancoi) (2,340 stems/ha, 6.88%) and Malasulasi (Leptospermum flavescens Sm.) (2,220 stems/ha, 6.39%). Distribution of bonsai trees showed a clumped pattern; the highest variance values were recorded for Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) (1,257.73) and Zysigium spp. (Syzygium P. Browne ex Gaertn) (1,138.80), while Unknown species_2 had the lowest (0.50). The Shannon Diversity Index was 3.4060, the Evenness Index 0.8101, and the Dominance Index 21.1416, indicating high species diversity. The data provide baseline information for environmental management, proper utilization of forest resources, and conservation of the Bonsai Field and Mt. Hamiguitan Range.
Copyright (c) 2007 JAN REY SARABIA HAPINAT https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Utilization as a Mediator Between Students’ Study Attitude and Mathematics Achievement
Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in education has sparked interest in its effect on student learning. This study examined AI utilization as a mediator in the relationship between students’ study attitude and mathematics achievement, involving 323 BSED Mathematics students across four campuses of Davao de Oro State College, of whom 195 were identified as AI users. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational design was employed, with data collected through stratified random sampling. An adapted questionnaire measured study attitude (17 items) and AI utilization (25 items), while mathematics grades from the first semester of the academic year 2024–2025 served as indicators of academic performance. Statistical analyses included mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and Sobel’s Test. Findings revealed that students generally demonstrated high levels of study attitude, whereas AI utilization was moderate. Mathematics achievement was classified as very satisfactory. Despite these positive indicators, the relationship between AI utilization and mathematics achievement was weak and non-significant, and mediation analysis showed no significant mediating effect of AI utilization. In conclusion, the study indicates that although students exhibited strong study attitudes and satisfactory mathematics performance, AI utilization did not significantly influence achievement or mediate the relationship between study attitude and performance. This suggests that students’ learning attitudes remain more influential than AI use, while AI tools function primarily as supplementary support. Strengthening students’ study habits and attitudes should remain a priority in enhancing learning outcomes. Further research is recommended to determine the conditions under which AI may more effectively contribute to academic performance and inform broader educational strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lysander E. Roquero, Rain Jhon U. Rollon, Gemar B. Magbutong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity and Community Composition of Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Forest Patches of Iligan City, Mindanao, Philippines
Click beetles (Family Elateridae) are among the most diverse groups within the Elateroidea superfamily of beetles. These insects are often used as indicators of ecosystem diversity, as their presence reflects environmental health. Moreover, many beetle species also depend on forests for survival, highlighting their interconnected relationship with the ecosystem. In this context, this study surveyed click beetles in various forest patches in Iligan City using Malaise traps and active collection methods. Over six months of collection, 27 individuals representing 13 morphospecies and eight subfamilies were documented. Species richness and diversity were highest in Sikyop (H′=1.67; D′=0.76; J′=0.86), followed by Tinago (H′=1.32), while the most abundant species include Melanotus sp., Cryptalaus sp., Csikia sp., and Agrypnus species. However, most identifications remain provisional due to distinct morphological traits among taxa and require molecular confirmation. These findings offer preliminary insight into species composition and local diversity, providing baseline data that is imperative for inventory, ecological studies, and future management strategies, as well as valuable information for local communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aijelyn Pancho, Eddie P. Mondejar, Olive A. Amparado, Ruben F. Amparado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Rebellion to Integration: The Phenomenological Experiences of Former Rebels now Serving as CAA in Talaingod, Davao del Norte
The paper investigates the lived experiences of the CAA force in Talaingod, Davao del Norte, who were previously members of the CPP-NPA. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, involving interviews with five purposively selected former rebels to elicit their motivations, challenges, and coping strategies during their transition from guerrilla fighters to community peacekeepers. The results show that the participants’ path to joining CAA was driven by rectifying their mistakes, protecting vulnerable IP communities, and seeking financial stability. Being a current member of the CAA has allowed them to maintain a steady income, receive livelihood assistance, and maintain access to their loved ones, which helps them rebuild their lives and regain their self-worth. Notably, they faced challenges during the transition, such as trauma, stigma, and fear of retribution from their former comrades in the armed group. The troops of the 56th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine Army, along with the acceptance of the IP community of Talaingod led by datus, have helped them adjust and return to everyday lives. Hence, the study shows that reintegration is not merely about finding a profession or sustaining oneself with financial assistance; it also requires emotional support from loved ones and community acceptance. The study proposes that the government implement programs to maintain education, job opportunities, and livelihoods for former rebels, to curb stigma and discrimination, while allowing them to revitalize their lives as they take on responsibilities as active partners of the government in promoting peace in the conflict-affected areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bismark D. Gumela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Baseline Assessment of Seagrass Abundance and Community Structure in the Coastal Waters of Barangay Poblacion as Basis for Coastal Ecosystem Management in Malay, Aklan
Seagrass communities are vital in the coastal ecosystem, providing habitat, stabilizing sediment, and contributing to fisheries productivity. However, there is no baseline information for seagrass abundance and community structure in the coastal area of Poblacion, Malay, Aklan. To answer this gap, this study assessed seagrass cover, abundance, diversity and community structure to establish baseline data for the area. Sampling was conducted from February to April 2022 during daytime and low tide using the transect-quadrat method. A 25-grid quadrat was placed along three 50 m transect lines, with 10 m intervals between each quadrat. Overall, three species were recorded to be ecologically dominant—C. rotundata, T. hemprichii, and H. uninervis. Of these, C. rotundata is the most dominant, with a total cover of 34.5%, the highest Frequency (85.3%), and the highest relative Frequency (26.9%). Meanwhile, the study site exhibits moderate and relatively balanced diversity and distribution of seagrass species, as indicated by a calculated Shannon-Wiener Diversity index (H’ = 1.52) and evenness (E = 0.78). The observed zonation pattern suggests that the area is favorable for habitat colonization. These findings provide a baseline for monitoring, protecting, conserving, and managing seagrass dynamics, as well as for sustainable biodiversity and the enrichment of Malaysia’s coastal ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josave D. Oczon, Modesto Melden B. Intoy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Conservation Challenges and Local Awareness of Rafflesia magnifica in Maragusan, Davao de Oro, Philippines
This study examines the conservation status of Rafflesia magnifica, an endangered species endemic to Maragusan, with a focus on its population, local awareness, and conservation practices. Data were collected through structured surveys and key informant interviews to assess the residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the conservation of R. magnifica in Barangays Mapawa and New Panay, which serve as key monitoring sites for the species. Population monitoring revealed a significant decline in R. magnifica. In Barangay Mapawa, the number of healthy buds dropped from 13 in 2022 to just two by May 2024. Successful blooms also decreased from five in 2022 to four in 2023, with four buds blooming in early 2024. In contrast, Barangay New Panay recorded no buds in 2023 and only one bloom bud in May 2024, highlighting a severe decline. The study also assessed local awareness of R. magnifica conservation. Knowledge was low (mean score: 1.65), while attitudes were moderate (mean score: 1.75), and practices were also low (mean score: 1.76). Despite these gaps, 93.3% of residents were aware of the species' existence, and most recognized its critically endangered status. However, 40% believed habitat protection did not affect blooming. The community expressed strong support for conservation, with over 90% backing protected area legislation and showing interest in conservation training. These findings emphasize the need for immediate education programs, community engagement, and a formal management plan to ensure the survival of R. magnifica in Maragusan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jasper T. Egpit, Jay Mark Bantayan, Ferdinand Bautista, Phoebe Nemenzo-Calica, Eleanor M. Vilela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extension Delivery Strategies, Challenges, and Best Practices of Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) in Davao Oriental, Philippines
Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) in Davao Oriental, Philippines, are vital in linking research institutions with farming communities to promote productivity and sustainable practices. Yet, they face critical challenges, limited resources, inadequate training, logistical constraints, and low farmer receptivity. This study, involving 155 of 199 AEWs, examined strategies, best practices, and systemic barriers. The findings show reliance on face-to-face interactions, technology demonstrations, and Farmers Field Schools, while digital tools remain underused due to low literacy and access. About 58% of AEWs cited mobility and logistical issues as their foremost challenge, followed by 44% mentioning funding gaps and 28% reporting farmer resistance to innovation, patterns that mirror global trends. Recommended interventions include boosting logistical and financial support, strengthening training, and improving coordination between LGUs and extension agencies. This study highlights the urgent need for context-driven, localized solutions and provides actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to empower AEWs, advance rural development, ensure food security, and help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change and economic pressures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lealyn M. Gumban, Ardniel A. Baladjay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cross-Cultural Competence and Public Service Motivation of Police Officers in Davao Oriental, Philippines
The primary objective of this paper was to determine which domain of public service motivation (PSM) best influences the cross-cultural competence of police officers. Employing a non-experimental quantitative research design with a descriptive-correlational technique, the study included 120 police officers assigned in Mati City, Davao Oriental. Purposive sampling was use for respondent selection. Statistical analyses using mean, Pearson correlation and multiple regression was applied on the data following checks for normal distribution. Results indicated that the Philippine National Police (PNP) in Mati exhibited a very high level of public service motivation, with an average weighted mean (AWM) of 4.48, and respondents reported a high level of cross-cultural competence. Furthermore, the study disclosed a positive correlation between public service motivation and the cross-cultural competence of Mati City PNP. However, when regressed independently, the compassion indicator of public service motivation emerged as a significant predictor of cross-cultural competence (p ≤ .05). Since compassion is the primary driver of cultural competence, it should be highly prioritized in training and evaluation, leveraging this innate motivational factor to strengthen operational skills. In addition, PNP officers can begin training simulations on ambiguous tolerance situations such as prayer rallies, violent rallies or benevolent suspect cases like bribery or asking favors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Felipe K. Pagluntudan Jr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Project CONAN: Enhancing Grade 8 Students’ Retention in Learning History using Contextualized Animation
The study’s primary goal is to enhance student retention in learning World History by employing Contextualized Animation as a method of instruction. Contextualized animation is a pedagogical approach that utilizes a comic-like format, incorporating pictures and narratives relevant to the lesson content. There are thirty-nine (39) respondents in the controlled group and thirty-nine (39) respondents in the experimental group. The study reveals that, before the intervention, both groups exhibited negative t-values, indicating a decrease in scores from the pre-test to the post-test. The experimental group scored slightly higher (11.97) than the control group (11.49). The results indicated that Grade 8 students had a baseline level of historical information retention, highlighting the need for effective intervention measures to enhance learning outcomes. However, after the intervention, the comparison between the pre-test and post-test scores of both the controlled and experimental groups offered valuable insights into the effectiveness of the intervention employed. The results revealed a remarkable level of significance with a p-value of .000 for both the pre-test and post-test scores of both groups, indicating a substantial and meaningful impact of the intervention. There was a shift in t-values, with the experimental group demonstrating a more pronounced improvement compared to the control group. These findings underscored the effectiveness of the intervention, Project CONAN, in enhancing historical knowledge retention among Grade 8 students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vivien Cleire C. Geverola, Syrhel B. Embudo, Judylyn B. Baya, Revrev A. Tio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Belonging Matters: Pathways from Bullying and Family Support to Reading Literacy among Filipino Adolescents
Functional illiteracy continues to constrain students’ academic and long-term opportunities in the Philippines. One factor that heightens this risk is bullying, which undermines both psychosocial well-being and academic achievement. This study used 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data to examine whether school belonging mediates the effect of bullying on reading literacy, and whether family support moderates these pathways. A moderated mediation model across ten plausible values, controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, and school risk, showed that bullying was negatively associated with reading literacy, partly through reduced belonging. The negative impact of bullying on belonging was stronger when family support was higher, but family support did not moderate the belonging–literacy link. These findings suggest that while families can buffer psychosocial harm, their role in mitigating bullying’s academic consequences is more complex and context dependent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miraluna D. Singco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Physical Condition of the Detainee Inside the Davao Oriental Provincial Jail
The condition of the detainees in detention or in jails is a huge issue for correctional facilities across the nation. This study was conducted to assess the physical condition of detainees within the provincial prison in Mati City. The study aimed to determine if there was a significant relationship between the health condition and physical security of the detainees inside the Davao Oriental Provincial Jail. A descriptive research design was employed in this study. The target respondents were 60, but only 11 respondents were given. Results showed that most respondents were aged 21 to 49 years old, and there were 11 detainees, with one of them being female. Based on ethnicity, 7 were Mandaya, 3 were Visayans, and one was Tagalog. In terms of religion, 10 of them were Roman Catholic and only one was Baptist. In education attainment, 3 detainees were elementary level, 2 were college level, and 2 detainees had no education. For their marital status, 7 detainees were single, and the remaining 4 detainees were married. In conclusion, the researcher perceives that the jail management has succeeded to come out with good health and security for the prisoners of the provincial jail.
Copyright (c) 2016 Roland I. Bayon, Nekko G. Calunsod, Nova Mae B. Lumando https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Conjoint Analysis on Students’ Choice of Mathematics Instruction
Individuals’ differences in terms of their interest, intellectual capacity, and valuing excellent teaching of mathematics contribute to the toughness in designing and developing effective strategies. This study analyzes students’ preference of mathematics instruction using conjoint analysis. It was sometimes called “trade-off analysis” which reveals on how individuals’ draw critical judgements on a certain product or service. There are 271 respondents in the survey asking them to choose different factors of mathematics instruction. The respondents ranked the four attributes as follows: instructional method, assessment type, instructional medium/media, and instructional activity. Demographic and psychographic segmentation showed that freshmen female BSEDM and sophomore female BSCE students, BSEDM who are members of SGO with an average GPA of 1.99, and non-scholar BSCE students choose all instruction profiles. Another group of students taking BSMBF and are STUFAPS scholars with average GPA of 1.95 chose instruction Profile 1 and the other group of senior and sophomore male non-scholar civil engineering students choose instruction Profile 5. Instruction profile 1 is composed of lecture-discussion, chalk/marker and board, problem solving, and learner focused while instruction Profile 5 is composed of cooperative learning, chalk/marker and board, problem solving, and learner focused. In the simulation, the profile that gained the greatest share is instruction Profile 6 which is composed of lecture-discussion, chalk/marker, solving mathematics expression, and learner-focused. Evident information found in this study conclude that students look forward for a set of instruction that would make the class interactive, challenging, and of course informative.
Copyright (c) 2016 Doris Del I. Salasinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First Evidence of Microplastic Ingestion in Commercially Consumed Marine Gastropods (Conomurex luhuanus and Canarium spp.) from Davao Gulf
This study assessed the presence of microplastics (MPs) in the tissues of commercially consumed marine gastropods from the Davao Gulf. A total of 180 individuals were examined. One MP was detected in Conomurex luhuanus (Liswe) and one in Canarium spp. (Aninikad) from Davao del Sur, while two MPs were detected in C. luhuanus from Davao Occidental. The particles were classified into three categories: fibers, films, and fragments, with sizes ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 mm. Of the four MPs identified, three were blue. Microplastic density was 0.07 particles per individual in both C. luhuanus and Canarium spp. from Davao del Sur, and 0.13 particles per individual in C. luhuanus from Davao Occidental. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP) as the predominant polymers. These findings provide preliminary evidence of microplastic contamination in marine gastropods from the Davao Gulf, highlighting potential ecological impacts and raising concerns about food safety, while also underscoring the need for improved plastic waste management and monitoring of seafood resources in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ma. Kristine D. Limosnero, Ana P. Ocenar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Yield Performance of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) Treated with Inorganic and Organic Fertilizer
This experimental study aimed to determine the yield and growth of sweet pepper under varying soil conditions and to determine the performance of the different treatments. There were four treatments, replicated three times. The treatments were as follows: treatment 1 (control), treatment 2 (inorganic fertilizer), treatment 3 (organic fertilizer), and treatment 4 (combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers). The variety of sweet pepper used was SULTAN F1, a high-yielding conical, dark green hybrid sweet pepper with a good year-round adaptation. Fruits have a long shelf life and are marketable up to 7 days after harvest. This is an early maturing variety, harvestable at 55-60 d after transplanting. It has strong pest and disease tolerance to bacterial spot and bacterial wilt. After planting, each plot received different treatments based on the study. During production, the project encountered insects that can cause damage to some of the plant fruits. To mitigate this situation, a mixture of sterilized water, malathion, and effective microorganism (EM-5) was applied at a single application, following the recommended rate of application. In addition, results showed that the plant height and fruit weight in treatment 4 (T4) performed better than other treatments. However, in terms of replication or blocking of the experiments, no significant differences was observed. This shows that a combination of inorganic and organic fertilizer is effective for the yield performance of sweet pepper.
treatment combination (organic and inorganic)
Copyright (c) 2016 Flemar Granada Pagsac, Necito A. Baldoz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preferred Qualities of Variety Store Owners Towards Sustainable Retailing
The purpose of this research is to identify the preferred qualities of variety store owners (VSO) as their guide to sustain their presence in their respective communities. This study is an experimental and descriptive correlational research. The 300 respondents were from the four urban barangays of the municipalities of Lupon and Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. Using a survey questionnaire containing 22 generated profile cards as the data collection instrument, the study revealed that educational attainment is not a prerequisite for owning a variety store. Even graduates of basic education can own a variety store, provided that they value customers' loyalty, positive behavior, expertise, a wide variety of merchandise, a competitive advantage, and effective marketing strategies in their daily operations. Furthermore, the specific qualities preferred for VSO are: honesty, attentiveness, ability to hire customer-oriented workers who understand pricing, good communication skills, understanding of product assortment, and organized goals. This study recommends that VSO must consider the values and preferences indicated to compete effectively. Additionally, the use of total utilities by local business bureaus and barangay officials for the operational assessment of VSO in their quest for effective strategies to meet the evolving needs of customers is highly recommended. Lastly, it is recommended that future researchers conduct a seminal study in different places to validate or negate the findings indicated herein and to evaluate other indicators not captured in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 John M. Bagcal, Analiza L. Alilian, Sitti Sarrah S. Abdulkarim, Charmaine B. Cadagat, Sitti Safia S. Abdulkarim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Influencing Academic Performance of Sangguniang Kabataan in District 2, Davao Oriental: A Multiple Regression Approach
Youth leadership fosters civic engagement, yet its academic implications remain understudied. This study examines how the responsibilities of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) officials in District 2, Davao Oriental influence their academic performance, focusing on behavioral factors (time management, study habits), academic support (class scheduling, lecturer-student interaction), and social support (family and peers), while comparing students’ grades before and during SK service. A total of 203 SK officials, selected through stratified random sampling from a population of 970, completed a survey measuring academic performance using an ordinal GPA scale at two time points. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlation, ordinal logistic regression, and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results indicated that time management was weakly but significantly associated with GPA (ρ = –0.16, p = .02), while among academic and social support factors, only class scheduling and academic calendars approached significance (β = 0.31, p = .06). Comparative analysis revealed a significant decline in academic performance during SK service, particularly among high-achieving students (Z = –5.56, p < .001). These findings suggest that youth civic engagement may impose academic strain when institutional support is limited. The study highlights the importance of flexible academic policies, blended learning opportunities, and structured support systems to enable student-leaders to maintain academic success while fulfilling their community responsibilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reginrex Pusta, Nikka A. Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Milkfish Profitability Through Optimized Feeding Practices and Integrated Resource Management in the Davao Region
Milkfish (Chanos chanos; Forsskål, 1775), locally known as Bangus, is one of the Philippines’ top aquaculture commodities, playing a crucial role in food security and rural livelihoods—especially in the Davao region. However, the rapid expansion of milkfish farming has exposed significant challenges in terms of feeding practices and environmental impacts. Intensive feeding using commercial feeds has led to increased feed costs (~80% of operational expenses) and negative impacts on water quality, while overreliance on conventional fishmeal raises concerns about both economic viability and environmental impacts. Our recent research highlights promising alternative protein sources (e.g., poultry by-products, soybean meal, insect meal, and seaweed) that may replace traditional fishmeal, thereby reducing production costs and mitigating environmental impacts. This policy brief reviews current operational practices, evaluates the challenges and opportunities associated with feed management, and underscores the potential of integrating indigenous knowledge systems from local communities to promote sustainable practices. Recommendations include increased support for research and development, subsidies and technical assistance for adopting alternative feed formulations, enhanced regulatory oversight, and stronger stakeholder collaboration. Such integrated policy measures are essential to ensure the continued growth and sustainability of milkfish aquaculture while protecting the coastal marine environment and community well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edison D. Macusi, Henzel P. Bongas, Erna S. Macusi, Anthony C. Sales, Michael B. Andam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0